Elsevier

Molecular Metabolism

Volume 6, Issue 7, July 2017, Pages 737-747
Molecular Metabolism

Original Article
Metformin causes a futile intestinal–hepatic cycle which increases energy expenditure and slows down development of a type 2 diabetes-like state

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molmet.2017.05.002Get rights and content
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open access

Highlights

  • Orally administered metformin slowed down weight gain on a high fat diet.

  • Metformin treatment led to increased energy expenditure, but decreased locomotion.

  • Metformin treatment caused a futile, energy consuming glucose–lactate–glucose cycle.

Abstract

Objective

Metformin, the first line drug for treatment of type 2 diabetes, suppresses hepatic gluconeogenesis and reduces body weight in patients, the latter by an unknown mechanism.

Methods

Mice on a high fat diet were continuously fed metformin in a therapeutically relevant dose, mimicking a retarded formulation.

Results

Feeding metformin in pharmacologically relevant doses to mice on a high fat diet normalized HbA1c levels and ameliorated glucose tolerance, as expected, but also considerably slowed down weight gain. This was due to increased energy expenditure, since food intake was unchanged and locomotor activity was even decreased. Metformin caused lactate accumulation in the intestinal wall and in portal venous blood but not in peripheral blood or the liver. Increased conversion of glucose-1-13C to glucose-1,6-13C under metformin strongly supports a futile cycle of lactic acid production in the intestinal wall, and usage of the produced lactate for gluconeogenesis in liver.

Conclusions

The reported glucose–lactate–glucose cycle is a highly energy consuming process, explaining the beneficial effects of metformin given continuously on the development of a type 2 diabetic-like state in our mice.

Keywords

Futile cycle
Splanchnic bed
Metformin
Mitochondria

Cited by (0)

13

Authors contributed equally.