Exercise, Inflammation, and Innate Immunity
Section snippets
The emerging importance of innate immunity in disease
The initial phases of an organism's response to infection depend on the innate immune response [17]. This response encompasses a variety of mechanisms that recognize and respond to pathogens. The innate immune system may be activated by several different mechanisms including exposure to microorganisms, food ingestion, or any other situation in which human beings are exposed to their external environment [18]. Moreover, tissue necrosis and extracellular release of cellular contents including
Exercise, macrophages, and inflammation
Both epidemiologic and longitudinal data suggest that increasing physical activity is an effective means of reducing systemic low-level inflammation in conditions such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes, as well as in healthy aged individuals. Moreover, there is evidence indicating that exercise can also reduce acute inflammation.
Exercise reduces adiposity
Adipose tissue now is classified as an endocrine organ, because it secretes a wide variety of hormones and inflammatory mediators [53]. Accordingly, it has been hypothesized that the negative relationship between exercise training and systemic inflammation might result from the weight loss (eg, fat loss) effect of exercise. In fact, BMI [54], [55] and, more specifically, percentage fat mass [56], [57], [58] have been associated positively with several of the inflammatory markers (ie, TNF-α,
Summary
Regular exercise is protective against several chronic diseases ranging from physiologic diseases such as cardiovascular disease to neurologic diseases such as dementia and depression. Exciting recent research points to chronic inflammation as an underlying contributor to many age-related chronic diseases. Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies in animals and humans have shown both an acute and a chronic anti-inflammatory effect. Because innate immunity is a key regulator of inflammatory
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Short-term swimming up-regulates pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata)
2023, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology -Part A : Molecular and Integrative PhysiologyA concise review on the interaction between genes expression/polymorphisms and exercise
2022, Human GeneCitation Excerpt :However, molecular mechanisms underlying these effects are mainly obscure. Moreover, depending on the exercise protocols, interpersonal variations, and a number of lifestyle factors, the observed effects of exercise on human health have been different (Woods et al., 2006). Previous studies have reported the effect of exercise on regulation of expression of genes participating in inflammatory responses, cellular communication and signal transduction (reviewed in (Gjevestad et al., 2015)).
The effect of exercise intensity on chronic inflammation: A systematic review and meta-analysis
2021, Journal of Science and Medicine in SportCitation Excerpt :Chronic inflammation is independently associated with the incidence and progression of insulin resistance, atherosclerosis, neurodegeneration and tumour growth 1–4. These pathophysiologies underlie the most pervasive chronic conditions of the developed world, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, dementia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 5,6. Therefore, targeting chronic inflammation to address pathophysiologies could be a promising strategy to prevent chronic disease.
Heterogeneity of Colorectal Cancer Risk Factors by Anatomical Subsite in 10 European Countries: A Multinational Cohort Study
2019, Clinical Gastroenterology and HepatologyCytokines in heart failure
2019, Advances in Clinical ChemistryCitation Excerpt :Many studies have shown that cytokines release is under neuroendocrine control [51]. The circulating levels of most cytokines increase with advancing age, with estrogen deprivation in postmenopausal women [52], with physical exercises (after physical activities, muscle cells release IL-6) [53], and present a circadian pattern related to the rhythm of serum cortisol and melatonin (IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ have a peak early in the morning) [54]. Due to the short half-life of cytokines, immediately after the blood sample collection, the tube should be placed on wet ice.
Effects of exercise training and supplementation with selenium nanoparticle on T-helper 1 and 2 and cytokine levels in tumor tissue of mice bearing the 4 T1 mammary carcinoma
2019, NutritionCitation Excerpt :Until now, the most exercise training recommendations for patients with cancer have been moderate intensity [59]. Some positive effects from this kind of exercise training, such as antiinflammatory effects, have been observed [16,41]. However, it is proposed that shifting to an antiinflammatory state may be favorable for cancer prevention; on the other hand, it may also result in a hampered response of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment [60].