Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology
Oral and maxillofacial surgeryAlveolar ridge augmentation for implant fixation: status review
Section snippets
Preoperative Evaluation of Alveolar Ridge
Presurgical radiographic evaluation aims at obtaining measurements of bone dimensions to determine the appropriate implant size, and locating important anatomical landmarks, such as the maxillary sinus and the inferior alveolar nerve.16 Various radiographic approaches, such as panoramic, periapical, occlusal, cephalometric, and tomographic radiographs have been used for assessment of bone dimensions.17 However, two-dimensional assessment provides little information of bone thickness at
Classifications of Alveolar Ridge
- A
In 1963, Atwood described 6 classes of alveolar ridge atrophy23:
- I
Preextraction normal bone.
- II
Postextraction normal bone: after extraction and before resorption started.
- III
High, well rounded, adequate in height and width.
- IV
Knife-edge, adequate height, inadequate width.
- V
Low, well rounded, inadequate height and width.
- VI
Depressed ridge.
- I
- B
In 2004, Juodzbalys and Raustia, using panoramic x-ray, computerized tomography, and ridge-mapping calipers with 347 patients, classified alveolar ridge atrophy into 3 types11
Nonsurgical Prosthetic Management of Partial or Complete Edentulism
Rehabilitation of mandibular25 or maxillary edentulism26 with complete or removable partial denture depends on the underlying bone, gingiva, and/or surrounding teeth for support. In the maxilla, immediate denture placement reduces bone resorption compared with healing without denture, but the same role is of less evident in mandible.27 However, long-term use of removable dentures can cause alveolar ridge bone resorption owing to continuous pressure imposed by the prosthesis. This is often an
Sinus floor elevation (sinus lift with bone grafting)
This procedure is used to increase the height of atrophied maxillary ridge, typically limited to the molar and premolar regions. The sinus should show no sign of pathology preoperatively.88 Sinus lift grafting and implant placement can be done in either 1 or 2 steps, depending on the amount of available bone. Simultaneous grafting and implant placement can be done if there is a height of ≥5 mm intact alveolar bone to provide adequate mechanical support during implant healing.89 If the available
Conclusion
A variety of surgical techniques and devices have been developed to rehabilitate horizontally and vertically atrophied alveolar ridge, with no evidence-based criterion standard procedure for each indication. Bone grafts harvested from intraoral sites showed better outcomes overall compared with those obtained from calvaria and iliac crest. However, there are not enough data regarding the fate of different bone grafts, how much they retain their original size and shape in relation to donor and
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Is Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 as Effective as Alveolar Distraction Osteogenesis for Vertical Bone Regeneration?
2018, Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryMaxilla reconstruction with autogenous bone block grafts: computed tomography evaluation and implant survival in a 5-year retrospective study
2017, International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryCitation Excerpt :Thus, the best time for implant placement and prosthesis installation needs to be established for the different bone grafts. In this study, implants were placed 6 months (T1) after the onlay bone grafting procedure, as recommended in the literature, which reports an average resorption of approximately 1.2 mm and greater incorporation of the graft in the host site when implants are placed at this time point, thus ensuring the stability of the reconstruction26. Von Arx and Buser have claimed that the main criterion for selecting the best time for implant placement (simultaneous with the graft or after bone block healing) is the volume of the bone at the host site27.
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