ReviewLifestyle risk factors for oral cancer
Section snippets
Lifestyle
The concept of lifestyle was formulated by the Viennese psychiatrist Alfred Adler (1870–1937), one of the most important figures in Psychology. In 1913, Adler founded the Society for Individual Psychology, where “individual” means literally “un-divided”, reflecting the idea that individuals must be conceived as “unified wholes”, more than a collection of bits and pieces, in the context of their physical and social environment. Adler called the approach to life, characteristic of each
Definition, historical background and prevalence
Tobacco is defined as any preparation of the leaves of plants of the genus Nicotiana, of the nightshade family. Nicotine is only a minor component of tobacco leaves and constitutes about 5% of the total weight of dry plant leaves. This substance is the main psychoactive alkaloid of tobacco. When tobacco smoke is inhaled, nicotine is primarily absorbed through the absorbent surface of the lungs and also by the oral and nasal mucosa, when tobacco is chewed or snorted. When tobacco smoke is
Definition, historical background and prevalence
“These people regularly chew a fruit they call areca, which looks like a pear. They cut it into four parts and each part is wrapped in a leaf from a tree called better, very similar to a laurel leaf. They stick this in their mouth and after having duly masticated it, they spit it out, their mouth becomes completely red. All these people take this fruit in order to lift up their spirits. If they didn’t they would die”. In the year 1521, Antonio Pigafetta thus described the custom of betel quid
Definition, historical background and prevalence
The main active ingredient in alcoholic beverages is ethanol produced by fermentation of carbohydrates, such as simple carbohydrates in fruit and starch in grains, by yeasts. Spirits, such as whisky, brandy and vodka are produced by distillation of fermented products. Carbohydrate fermentation is incomplete in beer and complete in wine, with resulting alcohol contents between 3–8% and 7–18%, respectively. Distilled products, such as liqueurs and spirits, are 30% or greater alcohol by volume.63
Definition, historical background and prevalence
During human history, populations have experienced changes in ecological relationships that have modified their diet and consequently altered their disease experience. Early human populations were hunter-gatherers. Population growth was low and stable at the time of their existence. However, about 10,000 years ago, there was a dramatic shift to domestication of plants and animals for agricultural food production. In the beginning of the agricultural period, population size and density increased
Oral cancer, lifestyle and public health
Most oral cancer cases and deaths are due to both individual predisposition, linked to specific genetic characteristics, and exposure to carcinogens, caused by lifestyle behaviours. Specifically, 20–30% overall cases are attributable to tobacco/bidi smoking,11, 54, 111 50% (men) and almost 90% (women) cases to frequent betel quid without tobacco chewing in areas where chewing prevalence is particularly high,54 7–19% cases to heavy alcohol drinking,11, 79 10–15% cases to micronutrient deficiency,
Conflict of Interest statement
None declared.
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