Current topicThe Placenta Cytokine Network and Inflammatory Signals
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Placental cytokines
Cytokines are mainly but not exclusively produced by cells of the immune system, NK-cells and macrophages in response to an external stimulus. In addition, almost all cell types identified in the uteroplacental tissues participate to the cytokine network (review in Ref. [1]). Virtually, all known cytokines have been found to be expressed in the human placenta although their temporal pattern of expression is still incompletely understood (review in Ref. [2]). Cytokines are produced by the
Cytokines, inflammation and energy homeostasis: immune and metabolic interplays
In general, cytokines which are central player of the inflammatory response are secreted by both the immune system and the adipocyte [13], [14]. The interplay between the two systems becomes more evident in pathological situations such as obesity or diabetes. It is believed that the abnormal metabolic environment generates stimuli within the adipose cell to first increase the production of inflammatory cytokines whose gene expression is minimal under physiological situation. The subsequent
Placental cytokine crosstalks and inflammatory signals
Molecular characterization of cytokines and their receptors has revealed their functional pleiotropism and redundancy. A given cytokine may generate various biological effect depending on the cell type or the developmental stage. For example, leptin induces mitogenesis in placental cells and angiogenesis in umbilical vascular endothelial cells [26], [38]. TNF-α limits invasive properties of first trimester placental explants and stimulates apoptosis in term trophoblasts [27], [28], [29].
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