Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy
Original ResearchThe association between health beliefs and medication adherence among patients with type 2 diabetes
Introduction
In 2014, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated the global prevalence of diabetes at approximately 9% for adults, with type 2 diabetes comprising approximately 90% of these, and projects that diabetes will be the 7th leading cause of death in 2030.1 The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports that the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes of all types in the United States (US) is 9.3%, with total costs related to treating the disease and lost productivity at more than 245 billion dollars per year. In Saudi Arabia, the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes is substantially higher compared to the US. In fact, the International Federation of Diabetes ranks Saudi Arabia 7th in the world for diabetes prevalence. It currently affects 20.5% (90% T2D) of adults age between 20 and 79 years, and is projected to affect 24.5% of adults by 2035.2
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and microvascular complications including costly conditions like coronary heart disease, stroke, nephropathy, retinopathy,3 and others. Data about the association of T2D and cardiovascular complications in Saudi Arabia are limited, but two studies reported that Saudi T2D patients have a higher risk of coronary heart disease compared to the general Saudi population.4, 5 Another study suggested coronary heart disease was already present in 23% of T2D patients.6 It has been shown that T2D is also associated with an increased risk of developing renal and vision complications; diabetic nephropathy accounted for 50% of end-stage renal failure incidence in Saudi Arabia 7; retinopathy was estimated to affect 31% of Saudi diabetes patients.8
The risks for T2D complications and cardiovascular conditions can be reduced through adhering to medication therapies and adapting a healthier lifestyle.9 The potential positive blood sugar control effects of medications have been limited by less than optimal adherence rates.10 In one Saudi study, 67.9% of patients were not taking their medications as prescribed.11 In another Saudi T2D medication adherence study (2014), approximately 56% of patients had low medication adherence.12 These studies were exploratory and highlighted the problem of nonadherence but did not use a theoretical framework to attempt to explain or predict why Saudi patients were nonadherent with their medication regimens as has been done in the US and other countries; this is important to assess, given the higher prevalence of T2D in Saudi Arabia than most other countries.
While a 100% adherence rate is therapeutically ideal, it is not always practical, and many studies reported in the literature consider 80% adherence to be an adequate adherence level for many chronic conditions. Blood sugar outcomes are often measured daily by patients via glucometer and by laboratory assessment for a longer term average (i.e., past 90 days) using the A1C. Medication adherence in T2D has been studied extensively with several established methods for measurement and/or definition of the target behavior.13 Most of these measures include a global measure of the general medication adherence behavior, which actually includes sub-behaviors a patient may be individually adherent or nonadherent with (e.g., taking the correct number of pills per dose). Existing measures do not capture the nonadherence problem from the perspective of individual adherence behaviors, which may also cause validity challenges for measurement of adherence in patients who are nonadherent with some medication-taking behaviors prescribed in the regimen but are adherent with others. Commonly studied factors associated with medication adherence or nonadherence have been identified as patient-related factors (i.e., demographic and psychological factors), disease-related factors (i.e., disease symptoms and/or severity), and treatment-related factors (i.e., treatment complexity and/or duration).14
The Health Belief Model (HBM) provides an established theoretical framework for studying adherence and suggests that adherence with a health behavior is explained by associations among six health beliefs/values constructs.15 These include: (1) perceived susceptibility, which is perceived likelihood of developing a disease or its complications, (2) perceived severity, which is beliefs about the seriousness of the disease or its complications, (3) perceived benefits, which is perceptions of the positive outcomes that could result from efforts/change for treating/managing the disease, (4) perceived barriers, which is possible financial, psychological, logistical, or cultural barriers, (5) self-efficacy, which is confidence in one's ability to take action on the target behavior, and (6) cues to action, which is environmental or theoretical trigger(s) that prompt taking action.. Each of these has been studied alone or in combination as predictor(s) of health behavior change.15, 16
The problem of low adherence with prescribed medications and healthy lifestyle behaviors has been studied extensively in the US, including applications with an established theoretical framework like the HBM.17, 18, 19 Patient beliefs and perceptions about the target disease and treatment regimen were associated with level of adherence in some studies in the US and internationally. For example, Chao et al (2005) reported that medication adherence in T2D patients with depressive symptoms were mediated by HBM constructs including perceived barriers and self-efficacy.20 Low adherence with treatments for asymptomatic chronic conditions like T2D and hypertension were explained in analyses by health beliefs16, 21; for example, a recent study reported that the perceived susceptibility, perceived barriers, self-efficacy, and cues to action constructs were significantly associated with adherence with prescribed antihypertensive medications.22 While the HBM framework has been studied for medication adherence in other settings, no published studies have used it to explain the medication nonadherence problem among T2D patients in Saudi Arabia where prevalence of T2D is much higher than other parts of the world. Therefore, the overall aim of this study was to test the HBM as a predictor of T2D medication adherence at a Saudi outpatient hospital pharmacy setting as measured with multiple new or established self-report adherence instruments. The specific objectives were to 1) assess self-report of medication-taking in a Saudi T2D convenience sample, 2) investigate self-reported HBM constructs for T2D, its complications, and medication-taking in this sample, and 3) test the ability for self-reported health beliefs to predict specific medication-taking behaviors among the sample.
Section snippets
Study design, setting, and population
After Institutional Review Board approval from the University and the King Salman Armed Forces Hospital in Northwest Region, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia. The Saudi health care system provides free health care access for all citizens via the Ministry of Health and government. The military hospital system is part of the government agencies sector and provides some major health services to military personnel and their families, and also to non-military citizens.
The anonymous, cross-sectional data
Participant characteristics
Several persons (approximately 50%) were not eligible because they were picking up the prescription for someone else. In addition, 32 eligible persons declined. This resulted in a sample size of 222, a response rate of 87.4% among eligible persons; among these, 220 had usable questionnaires. Almost 89% of data were collected before Ramadan, with minimal activity occurring during Ramadan. See respondent characteristics in Table 1.
Just over half were male; the majority was married; approximately
Discussion
Patient self-report of medical history variables, adherence, and qualitative analysis for perceived benefits and barriers produced noteworthy findings.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Mousa J. Alharbi for assisting in questionnaire translation to Arabic. Portions of this work were presented at the Auburn University Boshell Diabetes Research Day (2015) and at the annual meeting of the American Association of Diabetes Educators (2015).
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2019, Encyclopedia of Pharmacy Practice and Clinical Pharmacy: Volumes 1-3