Mismatch negativity in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis
Section snippets
Literature search
A literature search was conducted in MEDLINE (years 1990–2003) using the following key words: schizophrenia, mismatch negativity, MMN. Also, the reference lists of published papers were searched in order to manually locate other relevant studies. The initial search identified 62 articles.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
For inclusion in the meta-analysis a study had to meet following criteria: (1) MMN data were reported either as mean and standard deviation, or alternatively, as t-value of a t-test or as F-value representing
Study characteristics
Our initial search identified 62 publications. Thirty-two fulfilled the aforementioned criteria (Alain et al., 1998, Bramon et al., 2004, Baldeweg et al., 2002, Catts et al., 1995, Davalos et al., 2003, Grzella et al., 2001, Hirayasu et al., 1998, Javitt et al., 1993, Javitt et al., 1995, Javitt et al., 1998, Javitt et al., 2000a, Javitt et al., 2000b, Jessen et al., 2001, Kasai et al., 1999, Kasai et al., 2002a, Kathmann et al., 1995, Kirino and Inoue, 1999b, Lembreghts and Timsit-Berthier,
Discussion
The results of our meta-analysis indicate that MMN deficits are robust in patients with chronic schizophrenia. The estimate of the overall effect size was 0.99, which is considered large by accepted standards. Even after applying the so-called “trim and fill” method to correct for potentially unpublished data the ES remained robust. Given the evidence that MMN deficits have not been observed in other major psychiatric disorders such as major depression and bipolar disorder (Catts et al., 1995,
Acknowledgment
We would like to thank Sue Duvall and Stephan Leucht for their help with the statistical analyses.
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