The association of weather on pediatric emergency department visits in Changwon, Korea (2005–2014)
Graphical abstract
Changwon (population 1,075,168 in 2014) in Gyeongsangnam-do province is located on the southeast coast of the Republic of Korea (36°13'N, 128°40'E), and therefore is characterized by a more oceanic climate. Abbreviation: A, spring; B, summer; C, fall; D, winter; DTR, diurnal temperature range; Max, maximum; Min, minimum; T, Annual temperatures (°C); R, Median rainfalls (mm).
Introduction
The health of human populations is influenced by changes in weather. Rising temperatures have increased the risk of heat-related illness, and local changes in temperature and rainfall have altered the distribution of some water-borne illnesses (Lin et al., 2013, Ma et al., 2015, Woodward et al., 2014). Previous studies by emergency medical health care providers indicated that there are significantly fewer visits during severe weather conditions than favorable weather conditions (Attia and Edward, 1998, Christoffel, 1985), while other reports noted increases in emergency department (ED) visits during inclement weather conditions (Perry et al., 2011, Sun et al., 2009). Some studies have been conducted on the Korean population to assess the impacts of temperature on health. There were study that both high and low temperatures were associated with the risk of hospitalization (Ha et al., 2011, Kim et al., 2006, Lim et al., 2013, Son et al., 2014).
Children are particularly vulnerable to both the direct and indirect effects of climate change (American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Environmental and Shea, 2007). Climate can influence child health, as seen in the physical and psychological sequelae of weather disasters, heat stress, and respiratory diseases related to poor air quality (Ahdoot et al., 2015). Although some studies have addressed the impact of weather on health, most of these studies did not focus on pediatric patients.
In this study, we explored the association between pediatric ED visits and weather, and sought to determine whether admissions to the ED are affected by meteorological factors in Changwon, Korea.
Section snippets
Data collection
The Republic of Korea is located in the middle latitudes of the northern hemisphere, on the east coast of Eurasia and adjacent to the western Pacific. Therefore, it exhibits complex climate characteristics with both continental and oceanic features. The city of Changwon in Gyeongsannam-do province is located on the southeast coast of the Republic of Korea (36°13'N, 128°40'E) (Fig. 1), and therefore is characterized by a more oceanic climate. Summers are hot, and occasionally heavy rainstorms
Results
During the period of study, there were 87,242 pediatric ED visits including 51,159 male patients (58.6%) and 36,083 female patients (41.4%). Table 1 shows demographic data for all ED visits according to the ICD-10. There were 19,615 (22.5%) visits for non-medical diseases such as trauma, poisoning and other external causes, 16,822 (19.3%) visits for diseases of the digestive system, 15,687 (18.0%) visits for diseases of the respiratory system, 14,865 (17.0%) visits for certain infections such
Discussion
Weather conditions are believed to affect ED visit volume. However, previous studies have shown conflicting results. In some studies, warm and sunny weather appears to have significant impacts on pediatric ED visit volumes (Macgregor, 2003, Ou et al., 2005). In others however, weather was only a minor factor affecting ED attendance (Attia and Edward, 1998, Christoffel, 1985). We hypothesized that inclement weather conditions would result in decreased ED visits because non-emergent patients
Conclusion
This study demonstrated the association between weather and pediatric ED visits. The volume of ED visits decreased on days of rain or snow and ED visits increased 2 days after rainy or snowy days. The volume of ED visits increased for every 1 °C increase in DTR. When DTR was > 10 °C, ED visits increased more than they did for a DTR of < 10 °C. DTR significantly influenced the number of ED visits when we considered the lagged effect.
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Hae Jeong Lee and Mi Hyeon Jin contributed equally to this study.