Elsevier

SSM - Population Health

Volume 2, December 2016, Pages 512-524
SSM - Population Health

Article
The weaker sex? Vulnerable men and women’s resilience to socio-economic disadvantage

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2016.06.006Get rights and content
Under a Creative Commons license
open access

Highlights

  • Sex differences in mortality (SDIM) vary over time and place.

  • Biological differences cannot fully account for sex differences in survival.

  • Women exhibit greater survival resilience to adverse socioeconomic conditions.

  • The largest male-female differences in mortality occur in conditions of socioeconomic adversity.

  • SDIM should decrease if social policy reduces exposure to adverse conditions.

Abstract

Sex differences in mortality vary over time and place as a function of social, health, and medical circumstances. The magnitude of these variations, and their response to large socioeconomic changes, suggest that biological differences cannot fully account for sex differences in survival. Drawing on a wide swath of mortality data across countries and over time, we develop a set of empiric observations with which any theory about excess male mortality and its correlates will have to contend. We show that as societies develop, M/F survival first declines and then increases, a “sex difference in mortality transition” embedded within the demographic and epidemiologic transitions. After the onset of this transition, cross-sectional variation in excess male mortality exhibits a consistent pattern of greater female resilience to mortality under socio-economic adversity. The causal mechanisms underlying these associations merit further research.

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