Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism
ReviewRole of RANKL in bone diseases
Section snippets
Bone remodeling
Bone remodeling is a continuous process that helps repair the micro damage of bone matrix and adjust bone architecture to maintain bone strength. In this tightly regulated process, the amount of bone resorbed is matched by the amount of newly formed bone. Osteoclasts, multinucleated cells derived from the myeloid hempoietic lineage, are the principal cells involved in bone resorption, whereas osteoblasts, cells that originate from the multipotent mesenchymal stem cells, carry out the bone
The RANKL protein
RANKL is a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) super family, the locus for which has been traced to the 13q14 human chromosome [1]. It is produced as a 317 amino acid and exists as either a membrane-bound protein or can be cleaved to form a secreted protein that still retains activity [2]. RANKL is highly expressed in peripheral lymph nodes and bone marrow, thymus, spleen, Peyer's patches, brain, heart, skin, skeletal muscle, kidney, liver, lung and mammary tissue 3, 4. Cells that produce
RANKL signaling pathway
The recognition that the interaction of RANKL and RANK is a key step in the activation of osteoclasts was followed by attempts to unravel the molecular mechanisms that follow this initial step. Recent studies have helped identify the important players of this signal transduction pathway (Figure 1). Binding of RANKL to RANK is followed by recruitment of the TNF receptor-associated factor (TRAF). Although several of these proteins, TRAFs 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6, are involved in the RANK signaling
Role of RANKL in normal bone remodeling
RANKL has an important role at various stages of osteoclast differentiation and function. The fusion of osteoclast precursors to form multinucleated cells, their differentiation into mature osteoclasts and the attachment of osteoclasts to bone and activation to resorb bone are all influenced by RANKL [3]. RANKL also inhibits osteoclast apoptosis and thereby leads to continued survival of these cells [17]. The predominant role of RANKL in osteoclastogenesis was demonstrated in genetic knockout
Role of RANKL in pathological states of bone remodeling
An imbalance in the RANKL:OPG ratio that results in increased RANKL levels leads to increased osteoclastogenesis and consequently to an increase in bone loss. This imbalance is the basis of several bone diseases characterized by bone loss that might manifest as either systemic or localized bone loss. Here, I review the role of RANKL in these various bone diseases.
Role of RANKL in other diseases
Recent studies have highlighted the role of RANKL in the pathogenesis of several other diseases. For example, the role of the RANKL/OPG system in bone remodeling indicates that there is also a role for this system in fracture healing. It is speculated that RANKL has a role in callus formation but might not have an influence on biomechanical strength of new bone [47]. Support to the previously mentioned hypothesis was provided by a study in which treatment with RANK-Fc was shown to eliminate
RANKL inhibition
The knowledge that RANKL has a crucial role in the pathogenesis of bone loss, along with the realization that the RANKL/RANK/OPG pathway is the final effector pathway of osteoclastic bone resorption, has led to the development of novel therapeutic agents that target this pathway (Box 2). Initial studies utilized the natural decoy OPG for this purpose. Preclinical studies showed that inhibition of RANKL with OPG led to an increase in bone density and bone strength 52, 53. These studies were
Conclusion
The discovery of the RANKL/RANK/OPG system has helped bring together studies of bone biology and immunology and create the new field of osteoimmunology. Studies over the past decade have highlighted the pivotal role played by RANKL in post-menopausal osteoporosis, inflammatory arthritides, metastatic bone tumors and other bone diseases associated with increased bone loss. Recent studies have identified the proteins involved in the RANKL signaling pathway. Furthermore, scientists have elucidated
Glossary
- Ankylosing spondylitis
- a chronic, painful, inflammatory arthritis primarily of the spine and sacroiliac joints.
- Aseptic loosening of joint replacement
- a disabling condition that occurs 5-10 years after joint replacement surgery, characterized by increased bone resorption around the prosthetic joint that results in loosening of the prosthetic joint.
- Bone erosions
- an area of focal bone loss with evidence for a cortical break on imaging.
- Bone mineral density
- bone mass measurement; the assessment of the
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Cited by (59)
Incorporation of collagen and PLGA in bioactive glass: in vivo biological evaluation
2019, International Journal of Biological MacromoleculesCitation Excerpt :Additionally, the resorption and remodeling of bone tissue by osteoclasts is also necessary for a successful bone healing process. In this context, Rank-L is known as a key factor for differentiation and activation of osteoclasts [55–57]. The present study demonstrated a higher immunostaining of Rank-L for BG/COL/PLGA.
Hypercalcemia
2019, Abeloff’s Clinical OncologyStructure-based development of an osteoprotegerin-like glycopeptide that blocks RANKL/RANK interactions and reduces ovariectomy-induced bone loss in mice
2018, European Journal of Medicinal ChemistryBiosilicate® - A multipurpose, highly bioactive glass-ceramic. in vitro, in vivo and clinical trials
2016, Journal of Non-Crystalline SolidsCitation Excerpt :The immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the BLG rats showed a late peak of BMP-9 expression 45 days after surgery in the granulation tissue still observed surrounding the biomaterial particles, corroborating the delay in bone repair presented in this group. RANKL is a key factor for osteoclast differentiation and activation [59,60]. It has been demonstrated that cellular expression of RANKL in murine callus tissue is tightly coupled during fracture healing and is involved in the regulation of both endochondral resorption and bone remodeling [61].
Inhibition of osteoclast differentiation by overexpression of NDRG2 in monocytes
2015, Biochemical and Biophysical Research CommunicationsCitation Excerpt :Osteoclasts are multinucleated giant cells that are derived from hematopoietic cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage. Osteoclast differentiation is a coordinated process involving the development of pre-osteoclasts, which express tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and calcitonin receptor, followed by cell-cell fusion and activation by various factors, such as the receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL), TNF-α, and LPS [2,3]. Osteoclast development is enhanced in destructive bone diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), periodontitis, osteoporosis, and multiple myeloma [4].