Diazinon resistant status in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus collected from different agro-climatic regions of India
Introduction
Amongst the 106 valid tick species reported from India, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is widely prevalent and considered as the most economically important tick infesting livestock (Ghosh et al., 2007). Besides avid blood suckers, this tick species act as the vector of bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis and also cause 20–30% reduction in the cost of leather due to tick bite marks (Biswas, 2003). Control of ticks is focused on large scale repeated use of acaricides viz., organophosphates (OP), synthetic pyrethroids (SP), amidines and macrocyclic lactones (Khan, 1996, Kemp et al., 1999, Bianchi et al., 2003, Rodriguez-Vivas et al., 2007) with limited success. Repeated application of these chemicals leads to the development of resistance in the ticks which is considered as the main hindrance for successful pest and vector control program in livestock globally (Shidrawi, 1990, FAO, 2004, Graf et al., 2004). According to Whalon et al. (2008), R. (B.) microplus developed resistance to almost every chemicals registered for use against it and ranked sixth amongst the resistant arthropods.
In India, about 60% of livestock is reared by small and marginal farmers and use of OP compounds like diazinon and malathion is very common for the control of agricultural pests including livestock and poultry (Sharma, 2004, Ghosh et al., 2006). Besides their applications against agriculturally important pests, OP compounds are also used for mass eradication of mosquito larvae in the breeding places (ICMR Bulletin, 2002). Although farmers have complaints about lack of efficacy of different chemical acaricides against ticks, validation of acaricide resistance with suitable in vitro bioassays for generating base line informations has not been done. In the present study, the status of acaricide resistance against the organophosphate compound “Diazinon” in targeted populations of R. (B.) microplus infesting cattle in different agro-climatic regions of India was evaluated by standardizing an adult immersion test (AIT).
Section snippets
Acaricide
Technical grade diazinon (100% pure) was procured from AccuStandard® Inc. U.S.A., and was used for preparation of 50,000 ppm stock solution in methanol. For the experimental bioassay, different concentrations of the acaricide were prepared in distilled water from the stock solution and tested against R. (B.) microplus.
Animals
Weaned crossbred (Bos taurus male × B. indicus female) male calves were reared in tick proof animal house of the division of Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute and
Optimization of immersion time
Table 1 shows the effect of different immersion times on mortality of ticks treated with three different acaricides. Comparing the mortality data, it was observed that different immersion times have no differential effect on tick biology. Accordingly, the minimum immersion time was determined as 2 min for determination of DD of diazinon and to characterize the filed collected ticks.
Minimum effective concentration of diazinon
The data on minimum effective concentration of diazinon against IVRI-I strain of R. (B.) microplus is shown in
Discussion
The standard bioassay recommended by FAO for testing resistance to acaricides in R. (B.) microplus is the larval packet test (LPT) originally described by Stone and Haydock (1962). The LPT takes 5–6 weeks to complete, is a laborious test and requires significant laboratory resources to conduct the test routinely. While AIT can be conducted in ease and data can be generated within two weeks time. Standardization of AIT for field depends on the identification of DD, above which no susceptible
Acknowledgement
The authors are grateful to Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi for funding through World Bank funded National Agricultural Innovation Project No. NAIP/Comp-4/C2066/2008-09.
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