Fall prevention and bathroom safety in the epilepsy monitoring unit
Introduction
Falls are a significant cause of morbidity in hospitalized patients. It has been estimated that 2–12% of hospitalized patients will fall during their admission and that almost 1:4 will suffer an associated injury [1], [2], [3]. Hospitals participating in the National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators (NDNQI) safety initiative reported an overall inpatient fall rate of 3.44 per 1000 patient days and 3.82 falls per 1000 patient days in medical units [1]. Compared with patients admitted to other inpatient areas, patients admitted to epilepsy monitoring units (EMUs) may be at particularly high risk of falling due to spontaneous and provoked seizures. Retrospective single-center studies of safety during video-EEG monitoring have reported 2.3–8 falls per 1000 patient days [4], [5], [6]. In retrospective studies of safety events occurring in the EMU, falls account for over 1/3 of adverse events during video-EEG monitoring and caused both minor and major injuries such as fracture and epidural hematoma [4], [5], [7].
Although most epilepsy centers employ various strategies to reduce falls, practices vary widely, and there is little evidence to guide which strategies are effective [8], [9]. For example, some centers may allow patients unlimited ambulation without supervision, while others may allow patients out of bed only with close supervision, and others may restrict activity to the bed. The bathroom area is of particular concern as patient safety must be balanced with a desire for privacy. In the bathroom, lack of direct nursing supervision and video monitoring can compromise the ability of the EMU staff to recognize and respond to events. Furthermore, the presence of hard surfaces, including the toilet and sink, and limited space can magnify the risk of injury if a fall occurs. A 2009 survey of practice in U.S. EMUs found that 69% allowed unsupervised time in the bathroom, 28% supervised patients in the bathroom at all times, 23% used a bedside commode with supervision, 5% allowed ad lib use of bedside commode, and 3% used a bedpan only [8]. Despite reasonable concerns, little is known about the actual risk of falls and injury in the bathroom area. While the National Association of Epilepsy Centers presented new guidelines in 2012 [10], the recommendations concerning safety are, for the most part, nonspecific as little data exist to guide an evidence-based approach. Recent consensus-based guidelines on safety in EMUs state that the environment in the patient room and bathroom facility should be assessed to optimize patient safety but did not provide specific safety strategies again due to lack of data [9]. To date, there has been only one evidenced-based report examining the effectiveness of specific safety practices for fall prevention in the EMU by Spanaki et al. at the Henry Ford Hospital [6]. In 2009, they instituted full-time observation of patients by EEG technologists, hourly nurse rounding, improved staff and patient education, use of a fall prevention contract signed by the patient, and immediate team review of all falls. Reviewing two years before and after these changes, they saw a nonstatistically significant reduction of 15% in falls (2.7 to 2.3 falls per 1000 patient days). Therefore, it remains uncertain what strategies are and are not effective in minimizing falls in the EMU. In the last decade at our institution, we have made multiple changes in nursing protocols, patient education, and infrastructure in the EMU in a process of continuous quality improvement aimed at reducing falls (Table 1). In this study, we retrospectively analyzed the effectiveness of these changes in reducing the incidence of falls over time.
Section snippets
Study population and data collection
After obtaining local institutional review board approval, we retrospectively reviewed the charts of all patients admitted to the EMU at Mayo Clinic Hospital in Phoenix, Arizona for both scalp EEG monitoring and intracranial EEG monitoring to identify falls occurring from January 1, 2001 through December 31, 2014. These were cross-referenced with a unit-based fall database used for hospital quality reporting purposes. In addition, video tracings of all clinical events (epileptic seizures [ESs],
Results
A total of 39 falls occurred in our epilepsy monitoring unit from 2001 through 2014. During this time, there were 3092 patient admissions for a total of 13,899 days (mean duration of admission, 4.5 days), giving a total fall rate over the study period of 2.81 falls per 1000 EMU days. The maximum number of falls per 100 patients admitted and 1000 EMU days per year was 4.32 and 9.02, respectively (Fig. 2), which occurred in 2002. Since then, falls have not exceeded 2.9 per 100 patients admitted and 7.3
Discussion
Overall, fall frequency at our institution was found to be similar to averages reported in previous studies of medical inpatients and of other EMUs [1], [3], [4], [6], [7]. There were no falls associated with moderate or major injury. This may suggest that when evaluated comprehensively, the fall prevention strategies described can reduce the frequency of falls and help avoid fall-related morbidity. The time and resources required to minimize falls were significant, as these changes were
Conclusion
Safety and reduction of adverse events, including falls and injury, continue to be a major focus of quality improvement for EMUs as well as other inpatient units. With ongoing efforts to create standardized guidelines for EMU safety protocols, identifying effective practices from the many epilepsy centers will play a significant part in this process. Our EMU has found the several interventions implemented to be both feasible and effective in reducing risks of fall and injury to patients as well
Conflicts of interest
The authors report no conflicts of interest or disclosures.
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