TWIST1 transcriptionally regulates glycolytic genes to promote the Warburg metabolism in pancreatic cancer

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.111713Get rights and content
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Highlights

  • TWIST1 knockdown inhibits pancreatic cancer glycolysis.

  • TWIST1 transcriptionally regulates several glycolytic genes in PDAC.

  • TWIST1 is highly expressed in PDAC and predicts a poor prognosis.

  • Independent PDAC data show that TWIST1 is closely associated with the Warburg effect.

Abstract

Reprogrammed glucose metabolism is essential for tumor initiation and development, especially for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Most cancer cells rely on aerobic glycolysis, a phenomenon termed “the Warburg effect”, to support uncontrolled proliferation and evade apoptosis. However, the direct regulators of the Warburg effect remain areas of active investigation. In this study, we found that the highly conserved transcription factor, TWIST1, is a crucial regulator of aerobic glycolysis in PDAC. Genetic silencing of TWIST1 significantly inhibited the glycolytic phenotypes of PDAC cells as revealed by reduced glucose uptake, lactate production, and extracellular acidification rate, which can be restored by re-expression of siRNA-resistant TWIST1. Moreover, tamoxifen-inducible expression of TWIST1 promoted the Warburg metabolism of PDAC cells. Mechanistically, by luciferase reporter assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation experiment, we showed that TWIST1 can directly increase the expression of several glycolytic genes, including SLC2A1, HK2, ENO1, and PKM2. Of note, the transcriptional regulation by TWIST1 was not dependent on HIF1α or c-Myc. In The Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus accession GSE15471, we confirmed that TWIST1 was closely associated with the glycolysis pathway. Collectively, our findings indicate that TWIST1 is likely to act as important regulator of the Warburg effect in PDAC.

Keywords

Warburg effect
Transcription factor
TWIST1
Pancreatic cancer
Extracellular acidification rate

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