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2 - Attention as an organ system

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 August 2009

By
Michael I. Posner  and
Jin Fan
Edited by
James R. Pomerantz
Michael I. Posner
Affiliation:
Professor Emeritus Psychology Department University of Oregon Eugene, Oregon 97403-1227
Jin Fan
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry Icahn Medical Institute 1425 Madison Avenue, Room 20-82 Mount Sinai School of Medicine One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1228 New York, NY 10029
James R. Pomerantz
Affiliation:
Rice University, Houston
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Summary

Introduction

Attention is relatively easy to define subjectively as in the classical definition of William James (1890) who said: “Everyone knows what attention is. It is the taking possession of the mind in clear and vivid form of one out of what seem several simultaneous objects or trains of thought.”

However, this subjective definition does not provide hints that might lead to an understanding of attentional development or pathologies. The theme of our chapter is that it is now possible to view attention much more concretely as an organ system. We follow the Webster dictionary definition of an organ system: “An organ system may be defined as differentiated structures in animals and plants made up of various cell and tissues and adapted for the performance of some specific function and grouped with other structures into a system.”

We believe that viewing attention as an organ system aids in answering many perplexing issues raised in cognitive psychology, psychiatry, and neurology. Neuroimaging studies have systemically shown that a wide variety of cognitive tasks can be seen as activating a distributed set of neural areas, each of which can be identified with specific mental operations (Posner & Raichle, 1994, 1998). Perhaps the areas of activation have been more consistent for the study of attention than for any other cognitive system. We can view attention as involving specialized networks to carry out functions such as achieving and maintaining the alert state, orienting to sensory events, and controlling thoughts and feelings.

Type
Chapter
Information
Topics in Integrative Neuroscience
From Cells to Cognition
 , pp. 31 - 61
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2008

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  • Attention as an organ system
    • By Michael I. Posner, Professor Emeritus Psychology Department University of Oregon Eugene, Oregon 97403-1227, Jin Fan, Department of Psychiatry Icahn Medical Institute 1425 Madison Avenue, Room 20-82 Mount Sinai School of Medicine One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1228 New York, NY 10029
  • Edited by James R. Pomerantz, Rice University, Houston
  • Book: Topics in Integrative Neuroscience
  • Online publication: 08 August 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511541681.005
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  • Attention as an organ system
    • By Michael I. Posner, Professor Emeritus Psychology Department University of Oregon Eugene, Oregon 97403-1227, Jin Fan, Department of Psychiatry Icahn Medical Institute 1425 Madison Avenue, Room 20-82 Mount Sinai School of Medicine One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1228 New York, NY 10029
  • Edited by James R. Pomerantz, Rice University, Houston
  • Book: Topics in Integrative Neuroscience
  • Online publication: 08 August 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511541681.005
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  • Attention as an organ system
    • By Michael I. Posner, Professor Emeritus Psychology Department University of Oregon Eugene, Oregon 97403-1227, Jin Fan, Department of Psychiatry Icahn Medical Institute 1425 Madison Avenue, Room 20-82 Mount Sinai School of Medicine One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1228 New York, NY 10029
  • Edited by James R. Pomerantz, Rice University, Houston
  • Book: Topics in Integrative Neuroscience
  • Online publication: 08 August 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511541681.005
Available formats
×