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  3. Trade and Public Health
  • Cited by 42
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
May 2011
Print publication year:
2011
Online ISBN:
9780511977305
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511977305
Subjects:
Economics, Law, International Trade Law, Economic Development and Growth
Information

Book description

Non-communicable diseases, associated with risk factors such as tobacco consumption, poor diet and alcohol use, represent a growing health burden around the world. The seriousness of non-communicable diseases is reflected in the adoption of international instruments such as the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control; the WHO Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health; and the WHO Global Strategy to Reduce the Harmful Use of Alcohol. In line with these instruments, states are beginning to use measures such as taxes, restrictions on marketing, product regulation and labeling measures for public health purposes. This book examines the extent to which the law of the World Trade Organization restricts domestic implementation of these types of measures. The relationship between international health instruments and the WTO Agreement is examined, as are the WTO covered agreements themselves.

Reviews

'The merging tensions between the norms - legal and otherwise - of free trade and public health protection related to tobacco, alcohol, and food have been receiving increasing scholarly attention, but, until now, there has not been a relatively comprehensive discussion of the principal issues framing these tensions. Writing chiefly from a legal perspective, and focussing purposefully on the World Trade Organization's (WTO) relationships with these three major public health areas, McGrady's Trade and Public Health: The WTO, Tobacco, Alcohol and Diet addresses many facets of the key issues.'

Source: World Trade Review

'McGrady’s book marks a generational shift in the field, framing WTO law not in contradistinction to, or tension with, 'non-trade' law such as human rights, but rather examining the operation of WTO law when viewed from a public health perspective.'

Gregory Messenger Source: Journal of International Economic Law

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Contents

Contents
References
Bibliography
Agreements and Treaties
Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal, 1673 UNTS 126; 28 ILM 657 (1989).
Basel Convention Technical Guidelines on the Identification and Management of Used Tyres, available at http://www.basel.int/meetings/sbc/workdoc/old%20docs/tech-usedtyres.pdf.
Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity, 39 ILM 1027 (2000).
Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, 28 I.L.M. 493 (1989).
Convention on Biological Diversity, Done at Rio de Janeiro, 5 June 1992, 31 ILM 818 (1992).
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, GA res. 34/180, 34 UN GAOR Supp. (No. 46) at 193, UN Doc. A/34/46; 1249 UNTS 13; 19 ILM 33 (1980).
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide,78 UNTS 277.
Convention on the Rights of the Child, GA res. 44/25, annex, 44 UN GAOR Supp. (No. 49) at 167, U.N. Doc. A/44/49 (1989); 1577 UNTS 3; 28 ILM 1456 (1989).
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, GA Res. 2200A (XXI), 21 UN GAOR Supp. (No. 16) at 49, UN Doc. A/6316 (1966); 993 UNTS 3; 6 ILM 368 (1967).
Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Apr. 15, 1994, The Legal Texts: The Results of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations 4 (1999), 33 I.L.M. 1144 (1994).
North American Free Trade Agreement, 32 I.L.M. 289, 605 (1993).
Pacific Island Countries Trade Agreement, Done at Nauru August 18, 2001.
Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organised Crime, G.A. res. 255, Nov. 15, 2000, U.N. Doc. A/RES/55/255 (2001).
Protocol on Strategic Environmental Assessment to the Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context, Done at Kiev (Ukraine), 21 May 2003.
Statute of the International Court of Justice, 3 Bevans 1179; 59 Stat. 1031; T.S. 993; 39 AJIL Supp. 215 (1945).
,United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, 40 ILM 335 (2001); UN Doc. A/55/383 at 25 (2000); UN Doc. A/RES/55/25.
,United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Done at Montego Bay, 10 December 1982, 21 ILM 1261 (1982).
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters, done at Aarhus, Denmark, on 25 June 1998.
,Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, May 23, 1969, 1155 U.N.T.S. 331; 8 I.L.M. 679 (1969).
World Health Organization: Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, May 21, 2003, 42 I.L.M. 518 (2003).
Articles
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Chopra, Mickey, Galbraith, Sarah and Darnton-Hill, Ian, “A Global Response to a Global Problem: The Epidemic of Overnutrition,” 80(12) Bulletin of the World Health Organization, (2002), 952–958.
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Crow, Melissa, “Smokescreens and State Responsibility: Using Human Rights Strategies to Promote Global Tobacco Control,” 29 Yale Journal of International Law, (2004), 209–250.
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Davies, Arwel, “Interpreting the Chapeau of GATT Article XX in Light of the ‘New’ Approach in Brazil – Tyres,” 43(3) Journal of World Trade, (2009), 507–539.
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Depken, Craig, “The Effects of Advertising Restrictions on Cigarette Prices: Evidence from OECD Countries,” 6 Applied Economics Letters, (1999), 307–309.
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Eckhardt, Joseph, “Balancing the Interests in Free Trade and Health: How the WHO's Framework Convention on Tobacco Control Can Withstand WTO Scrutiny,” 12 Duke Journal of Comparative and International Law, (Winter 2002), 197–230.
Ehlermann, Claus-Dieter and Ehring, Lothar, “The Authoritative Interpretation under Article IX:2 of the Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization: Current Law, Practice and Possible Improvements,” 8(4) Journal of International Economic Law, (2005), 803 – 824.
Ehring, Lothar, “De Facto Discrimination in World Trade Law National and Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment – or Equal Treatment?” 36(5) Journal of World Trade, (2002), 921–977.
Emslie, John, “Labeling Programs as a Reasonably Available Least Restrictive Trade Measure Under Article XX's Nexus Requirement,” 30 Brooklyn Journal of International Law, (2005), 485–545.
Esty, Daniel, “The World Trade Organization's Legitimacy Crisis,” 1(1) World Trade Review, (2002), 7–22.
Esty, Daniel, “Good Governance at the World Trade Organization: Building a Foundation of Administrative Law,” 10(3) Journal of International Economic Law, (2007), 509–527.
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Fauchald, Ole Kristian, “Flexibility and Predictability Under the World Trade Organization's Non-Discrimination Clauses,” 37(3) Journal of World Trade, (2003) 443–482.
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Fischer-Lescano, Andreas and Teubner, Gunther, “Regime Collisions: The Vain Search for Legal Unity in the Fragmentation of Global Law,” 25 Michigan Journal of International Law, (2004), 999–1046.
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Sebrié, E, Barnoya, J, Pérez-Stable, E, and Glantz, SA.“Tobacco Industry Successfully Prevented Tobacco Control Legislation in Argentina,” 14 Tobacco Control, (2005) e2.
Shaffer, E, Brenner, J and Houston, T, “International Trade Agreements: A Threat to Tobacco Control,” 14 Tobacco Control (2005); (Suppl II);ii19-ii25.
Shapiro, D and Khemani, R, “The Determinants of Entry and Exit Reconsidered,” 5 International Journal of Industrial Organization, (1987), 15–26.
Shapiro, Ira, “Treating Cigarettes as an Exception to the Trade Rules,” XXII no. 1 SAIS Review (Winter–Spring 2002), 87–96.
Shaw, Sabrina and Schwartz, Riza, “Trade and Environment in the WTO: State of Play,” 36(1) Journal of World Trade, (2002), 129–154, 134–137.
Shiffman, Saul, Pillitteri, Janine, and Burton, Steven et al., “Smokers' Beliefs About ‘Light’ and ‘Ultra-Light’ Cigarettes,” 10 (Suppl 1) Tobacco Control, (2001), i24–i32 at i17.
Smith, Richard, Chanda, Rupa and Tangcharoensathien, Viroj, “Trade and Health 4: Trade in Health-Related Services,” 373(9663) The Lancet, London, (Feb 14–Feb 20, 2009), 593–601.
Smith, Richard, Correa, Carlos and Oh, Cecilia, “Trade and Health 5: Trade, TRIPS, and Pharmaceuticals,” 373(9664) The Lancet, London, (Feb 21–Feb 27, 2009), 684–691.
Smith, Richard, Lee, Kelley and Drager, Nick, “Trade and Health 6: Trade and Health: An Agenda for Action,” 373(9665) The Lancet, London, (Feb 28–Mar 6, 2009), 768–773.
Staffin, Elliot, “Trade Barrier or Trade Boon? A Critical Evaluation of Environmental Labeling and its Role in the ‘Greening’ of World Trade,” 21 Columbia Journal of Environmental Law, (1996), 205–286.
Subedi, Surya, “Balancing International Trade with Environmental Protection: International Aspects of Eco-Labels,” 25 Brooklyn Journal of International Law, (1999), 373–405.
Sykes, Alan, “The Least Restrictive Means,” 70(1) The University of Chicago Law Review, (2003), 403–419.
Sykes, Alan, “Regulatory Protectionism and the Law of International Trade,” 66(1) The University of Chicago Law Review, (1999), 1–46.
Symposium on the Boundaries of the WTO, 96(1) American Journal of International Law (January 2002).
Taylor, Allyn, “Making the World Health Organization Work: A Legal Framework for Universal Access to the Conditions for Health,” 18(4) American Journal of Law & Medicine, (1992), 301–346.
Taylor, Allyn, “An International Regulatory Strategy for Global Tobacco Control,” 21 Yale Journal of International Law, (1996), 257–304.
Telser, L, “Advertising and Cigarettes,” 70 Journal of Political Economy, (1962), 471–499.
Thirlway, Hugh, “The Law and Procedure of the International Court of Justice 1960–1989 Part Three,” 62 British Year Book of International Law, (1991), 1–76.
Trachtman, Joel, “Trade and … problems, Cost-Benefit Analysis and Subsidiarity,” 9 European Journal of International Law, (1998), 32–85.
Uauy, R., Aro, A., Clarke, R., Ghafoorunissa, L'Abbé, M R., Mozaffarian, D., Skeaff, C M, Stender, S. and Tavella, M., “WHO Scientific Update on Trans Fatty Acids: Summary and Conclusions,” 63 European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, (2009), 568–575.
Vierdag, E, “The Time of the ‘Conclusion’ of a Multilateral Treaty” 59 British Year Book of International Law, (1988), 75–112.
Vranes, Erich, “The Definition of ‘Norms Conflict’ in International Law and Legal Theory,” 17(2) European Journal of International Law, (2006), 395–418.
Wagenaar, Alexander, Salois, Matthew and Komro, Kelli, “Effects of Beverage Alcohol Price and Tax Levels on Drinking: A Meta-Analysis of 1003 Estimates from 112 Studies,” 104 Addiction, (2009), 179–190.
Waincymer, Jeffrey, “Reformulated Gasoline Under Reformulated WTO Dispute Settlement Procedures: Pulling Pandora out of the Chapeau?” 18(1) Michigan Journal of International Law, (1996), 141–181.
Wakefield, M and Letcher, T, “My Pack is Cuter than Yours,” 11(2) Tobacco Control, (2002), 154–156.
Wakefield, M, Morley, C, Horan, J and Cummings, KM.“The Cigarette Pack as Image: New Evidence from Tobacco Industry Documents,” 11(Suppl 1) Tobacco Control, (2002), i73.
Warner, K, “The Economics of Tobacco: Myths and Realities,” 9(1) Tobacco Control, (2000), 78–89.
Weiler, Joseph, “Comment, Brazil – Measures Affecting Imports of Retreaded Tyres (DS322),” 8(1) World Trade Review, (2009), 137–144.
Wen, C, Peterson, R, Cheng, T et al., “Paradoxical Increase in Cigarette Smuggling after the Market Opening in Taiwan,” 15(3) Tobacco Control, (2006), 160–165.
Wike, Jonathan, “The Marlboro Man in Asia: U.S. Tobacco and Human Rights,” 29 Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, (1996), 329–361.
Woo, Alyssa, “Health Versus Trade: The Future of the WHO's Framework Convention on Tobacco Control,” 35 Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, (2002), 1731–1768.
Wu, Chuan-Feng, “State Responsibility for Tobacco Control: The Right to Health Perspective,” 3(2) Asian Journal of WTO & International Health Law and Policy, (2008), 379–422.
Yach, Derek, Hawkes, Corinna, Joanne, E., Epping, Jordan and Galbraith, Sarah, “The World Health Organization's Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: Implications for Global Epidemics of Food- Related Deaths and Disease,” 24 Journal of Public Health Policy, (2003), 274–290.
Young, Margaret, “The WTO's Use of Relevant Rules of International Law: An Analysis of the Biotech Case,” 56 International & Comparative Law Quarterly, (October 2007), 907–930.
Zedalis, Rex, “Labeling of Genetically Modified Foods: The Limits of GATT Rules,” 35(2), Journal of World Trade, (2001), 301–347.
Zeigler, Donald, “International Trade Agreements Challenge Tobacco and Alcohol Control Policies,” 25 Drug and Alcohol Review, (November 2006), 567 – 579.
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Papers
Bernabe, Riza (2008). Treatment of special products: Implications of the Chair's May 2008 draft modalities text, ICTSD Project on Special Products and a Special Safeguard Mechanism, Issue Paper No.14, International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, Geneva, Switzerland.
Bloom, John, “Public Health, International Trade and the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control,” Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids, March 2001, available at http://tobaccofreekids.org/campaign/global/framework/docs/Policy.pdf (visited 12/12/07).
Broude, Tomer, “Principles of Normative Integration and the Allocation of International Authority: The WTO, The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, and the Rio Declaration,” Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Faculty of Law, Research Paper No. 07–08, August 2008.
Callard, Cynthia, Collishaw, Neil and Swenarchuk, Michele, “An Introduction to International Trade Agreements and their Impact on Public Measures to Reduce Tobacco Use,” Physicians for a Smoke Free Canada, 2001, available at http://www.smoke-free.ca/pdf_1/Trade&Tobacco-April%202000.pdf (visited 10/01/08).
Center for Science in the Public Interest, Codex Alimentarius vis-à-vis The WHO Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health Food Standardisation to Support the Reduction of Chronic Diseases (Food and Diet for a Healthy Long Life), available at http://cspinet.org/reports/WHOGlobalStrategyCODEX.pdf.
Chaloupka, Frank and Laixuthai, Adit, “US Trade Policy and Cigarette Smoking in Asia,” NBER Working Paper Series, Working Paper 5543, April 1996.
Howse, Robert, “The Use and Abuse of Other ‘Relevant Rules of International Law’ in Treaty Interpretation: Insights from WTO Trade / Environment Litigation,” ILJ Working Paper 2007/1, Institute for International Law and Justice, New York University School of Law, available at http://www.iilj.org/publications/documents/2007–1.Howse.web.pdf (visited 12/01/08).
Weissman, Robert, “International Trade Agreements and Tobacco Control: Threats to Public Health and the Case for Excluding Tobacco from Trade Agreements,” November 2003, v 2.0 available at http://www.fctc.org/x/cd/documents/EA_trade_backgrd.pdf, (visited 26/11/07).
Institute, World Trade, “Agricultural Exports as Engine of Growth for Developing Countries? A Case Study on International Trade in Tobacco,” 2004, available at www.wti.org/conf/documents/TobaccoBookFinalBFJan2005printable.pdf (accessed 01/09/06).
Book Chapters
Alemanno, Alberto, “The Dialogue Between Judges & Experts in the EU and WTO,” in Fontanelli, Filippo, Martinico, Giuseppe and Carrozza, Paolo, (eds), Shaping Rule of Law Through Dialogue. International and Supranational Experiences, Groningen, Europa Law Publishing, (2010), 345–373.
Atik, Jeffrey, “Trade and Health,” in Bethlehem, Daniel, McRae, Donald, Neufeld, Rodney and Damme, Isabelle, The Oxford Handbook of International Trade Law, New York, Oxford University Press, (2009), 597–618.
Atkins, Vincent, “Agricultural Trade Policy Instruments to Promote Healthy Diets in Developing Countries: An Assessment of the Opportunities within the Framework of the WTO Agreement and the Doha Development Agenda,” in Hawkes, Corinna, et al., Trade, Food, Diet and Health: Perspectives and Policy Options, Wiley Blackwell, (2010), 264–278.
Bagwell, Kyle, “The Economic Analysis of Advertising,” in Armstrong, M and Porter, R, (eds), Handbook of Industrial Organization, Vol. 3, Elsevier, (2007).
Chaloupka, Frank, Hu, Teh-Wei, Warner, Kenneth, et al., “The Taxation of Tobacco Products” in Jha, Prabhat and Chaloupka, Frank, (eds), Tobacco Control in Developing Countries, World Bank and World Health Organization, Oxford University Press, (2000), 237–272.
Charney, Jonathan, “Commentary: Compliance with International Soft Law,” in Shelton, Dinah (ed) Commitment and Compliance: The Role of Non-Binding Norms in the International Legal System, Oxford University Press, New York, (2000).
Chinkin, Christine, “Normative Development in the International Legal System,” in Shelton, Dinah (ed), Commitment and Compliance: The Role of Non-Binding Norms in the International Legal System, Oxford University Press, New York, (2000), 21–42.
Davey, William and Pauwelyn, Joost, “MFN Unconditionality: A Legal Analysis of the Concept in View of its Evolution in the GATT/WTO Jurisprudence with Particular Reference to the Issue of ‘Like Product,’” in Cottier, Thomas and Mavroidis, Petros, (eds), Regulatory Barriers and the Principle of Non-Discrimination in World Trade Law, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, (2000), 13–50.
Drewnowski, Adam, Hanks, Andrew and Smith, Trenton, “International Trade, Food and Diet Costs, and the Global Obesity Epidemic,” in Hawkes, Corrina, et al., Trade, Food, Diet and Health: Perspectives and Policy Options, Wiley Blackwell, (2010), 77–90.
Farber, Daniel and Hudec, Robert, “GATT Legal Constraints on Domestic Environmental Regulations” in Bhagwati, Jagdish and Hudec, Robert, (eds), Fair Trade and Harmonization: Prerequisites for Free Trade? Volume 2, Cambridge MA, MIT Press, (1996), 59–94.
Fidler, David, “The Impact of International Trade and Investment Rules on the Ability of Governments to Implement Interventions to Address Obesity: A Case Study on the European Charter on Counteracting Obesity,” in Hawkes, Corinna, et al., Trade, Food, Diet and Health: Perspectives and Policy Options, Wiley Blackwell, (2010), 279–297.
Gajalakshmi, C, Jha, Prabhat, Ranson, Kent et al., “Global Patterns of Smoking and Smoking Attributable Mortality,” in Jha, Prabhat and Chaloupka, Frank, (eds), Tobacco Control in Developing Countries, World Bank and World Health Organization, Oxford University Press, (2000), 11–39.
Hawkes, Corinna, “The Influence of Trade Liberalisation and Global Dietary Change: The Case of Vegetable Oils, Meat and Highly Processed Foods,” in Hawkes, Corrina, et al., Trade, Food, Diet and Health: Perspectives and Policy Options, Wiley Blackwell, (2010), 35–59.
Howse, Robert, “The Legitimacy of the World Trade Organization,” in Coicaud, Jean-Marc and Heiskanen, Viejo, (eds), The Legitimacy of International Organizations, Tokyo, New York, United Nations University Press, (2001), 355–407.
Howse, Robert and Türk, Elisabeth, “The WTO Impact Upon Internal Regulations: A Case Study of the Canada – EC Asbestos Dispute,” in Bermann, George and Mavroidis, Petros: (eds) Trade and Human Health and Safety, New York, Cambridge University Press, (2006), 77–117.
Hudec, Robert, “GATT/WTO Constraints on National Regulation: Requiem for an ‘Aim and Effects’ Test,” in Hudec, RobertEssays on the Nature of International Trade Law, London, Cameron May, (2000), 359–395.
Huang, Sophia, “Global Trade of Fruits and Vegetables and the Role of Consumer Demand,” in Hawkes, Corrina, et al., Trade, Food, Diet and Health: Perspectives and Policy Options, Wiley Blackwell, (2010), 60–76.
James, Philip, Rojoongwaskinkul, Nipa, Rikshasuta, Tashmai and Wasantwisut, Emorn, “Food Imports and Dietary Change: A Perspective from Thailand,” in Hawkes, Corinna et al., Trade, Food, Diet and Health: Perspectives and Policy Options, Wiley Blackwell, (2010), 169–191.
Jamison, Dean, “Investing in Health,” in Jamison, Dean T. et al., Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries (2nd ed), Oxford University Press, The World Bank, (2006), New York, 3–34.
Jha, Prabat, Musgrove, Philip, Chaloupka, Frank et al., “The Economic Rationale for Intervention in the Tobacco Market,” in Jha, Prabhat and Chaloupka, Frank, (eds), Tobacco Control in Developing Countries, World Bank and World Health Organization, Oxford University Press, (2000), 153–174.
Joossens, Luk, Chaloupka, Frank, Merriman, David et al., “Issues in the Smuggling of Tobacco Products,” in Jha, Prabhat and Chaloupka, Frank, (eds), Tobacco Control in Developing Countries, World Bank and World Health Organization, Oxford University Press, (2000), 393–406.
Josling, Tim, Orden, David and Roberts, Donna, “National Food Regulations and the WTO Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures: Implications for Trade-Related Measures to Promote Healthy Diets,” in Hawkes, Corinna, et al., Trade, Food, Diet and Health: Perspectives and Policy Options, Wiley Blackwell, (2010), 219–237.
Kenkel, Donald and Chen, Likwang, “Consumer Information and Tobacco Use,” in Jha, Prabhat and Chaloupka, Frank, (eds), Tobacco Control in Developing Countries, World Bank and World Health Organization, Oxford University Press, (2000), 177–214.
Koh, Harold Hongju, “Why Do Nations Obey International Law?” 106(8) Yale Law Journal, (1997), 2599–2659.
L'Abbé, Mary, Lewis, Janine and Zehaluk, Christina, “The Potential of the Codex Alimentarius to Promote Healthy Diets Worldwide – The Canadian Experience of Implementation,” in Hawkes, Corinna et al., Trade, Food, Diet and Health: Perspectives and Policy Options, Wiley Blackwell, (2010), 238–256.
Lobstein, Tim, “Tackling Childhood Obesity in an Era of Trade Liberalisation,” in Hawkes, Corrina, et al., Trade, Food, Diet and Health: Perspectives and Policy Options, Wiley Blackwell, (2010), 195–218.
Marceau, Gabrielle and Trachtman, Joel, “A Map of the World Trade Organization Law of Domestic Regulation of Goods,” in Bermann, George and Mavroidis, Petros, (eds), Trade and Human Health and Safety, Cambridge University Press, New York, (2006), 9–77.
Meng, Werner, “Conflicting Rules in the WHO FCTC and Their Impact,” in Cottier, Thomas, Pauwelyn, Joost and Burgi Bonanomi, Elisabeth, (eds), Human Rights and International Trade, New York, Oxford University Press, (2005), 334–339.
Noeth, Kristyn, “Taxation to control tobacco in developing states,” in Brown Weiss, Edith and Jackson, John, (eds), Reconciling Environment and Trade, Ardsley, N.Y., Transnational Publishers, (2001), 101–132.
O'Connell, Mary Ellen, “The Role of Soft Law in a Global Order,” Shelton, Dinah (ed), Commitment and Compliance: The Role of Non-Binding Norms in the International Legal System, Oxford University Press, New York, (2000) 100–114.
Popkin, Barry, “The Implications of the Nutrition Transition for Obesity in the Developing World,” in Crawford, David and Jeffery, Robert W., Obesity Prevention and Public Health, Oxford University Press, (2005), 75–100.
Prabhu, Maya and Atapattu, Sumudu, “The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: When the WHO Meets the WTO,” in Segger, Cordonier, Marie-Claire, and Weeramantry, Christie, (eds), Sustainable Justice: Reconciling Economic, Social and Environmental Law, The Netherlands, Koninklijke Brill, (2005), 365–380.
Reinicke, Wolfgang and Witte, Jan Martin, “Challenges to the International Legal System: Interdependence, Globalization, and Sovereignty: The Role of Non-Binding International Legal Accords,” in Shelton, Dinah (ed), Commitment and Compliance: The Role of Non-Binding Norms in the International Legal System, Oxford University Press, New York, (2000).
Saffer, Henry, “Tobacco Advertising and Promotion,” in Jha, Prabhat and Chaloupka, Frank, (eds), Tobacco Control in Developing Countries, World Bank and World Health Organization, Oxford University Press, (2000), 215–236.
Schidhuber, Josef and Shetty, Prakash, “The European Union's Common Agricultural Policy and the European Diet: Is there a Link?” in Hawkes, Corrina, et al., Trade, Food, Diet and Health: Perspectives and Policy Options, Wiley Blackwell, (2010), 131–147.
Taylor, Allyn, Chaloupka, Frank, Guindon, Emmanuel, et al., “The Impact of Trade Liberalization on Tobacco Consumption,” in Jha, Prabhat and Chaloupka, Frank, (eds), Tobacco Control in Developing Countries, World Bank and World Health Organization, Oxford University Press, (2000), 343–364.
Taylor, Allyn, “Trade, Human Rights and the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: Just What the Doctor Ordered?” in Cottier, Thomas, Pauwelyn, Joost and Bonanomi, Elisabeth Burgi (eds), Human Rights and International Trade, New York, Oxford University Press, (2005), 322–344.
Terra, Ben, “Excises,” in Thuronyi, Victor, (ed), Tax Law Design and Drafting, International Monetary Fund, (1996), Volume 1.
Thow, Anne Marie, and Snowdon, Wendy, “The Effect of Trade and Trade Policy on Diet and Health in the Pacific Islands,” in Hawkes, Corrina, et al., Trade, Food, Diet and Health: Perspectives and Policy Options, Wiley Blackwell, (2010), 147–168.
Books
Aginam, Obijiofor, Global Health Governance: International Law and Public Health in a Divided World, Toronto, University of Toronto Press, (2005).
Alemanno, Alberto, Trade in Food: Regulatory and Judicial Approaches in the EC and WTO, London, Cameron May, (2007).
Baldwin, David (ed), Neorealism and Neoliberalism: The Contemporary Debate, New York, Columbia University Press, (1993).
Bermann, George and Mavroidis, Petros, (eds) Trade and Human Health and Safety, New York, Cambridge University Press, (2006).
Bernhardt, R, (ed.), Encyclopedia of Public International Law, Amsterdam, North-Holland Pub Co, (1984).
Bethlehem, Daniel, McRae, Donald, Neufeld, Rodney and Damme, Isabelle, The Oxford Handbook of International Trade Law, New York, Oxford University Press, (2009).
Bhagwati, Jagdish, Termites in the Trading System: How Preferential Agreements Undermine Free Trade, New York, Oxford University Press, (2008).
Bhagwati, Jagdish and Hudec, Robert, (eds), Fair Trade and Harmonization: Prerequisites for Free Trade? Volume 2, Cambridge MA, MIT Press, (1996).
Bhagwati, Jagdish and Srinivasan, T, Lectures on International Trade, Cambridge MA, MIT Press, (1983).
Bhala, Raj, International Trade Law: Interdisciplinary Theory and Practice, 3rd edition, LexisNexis, (2008).
Brown, L, (ed), The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford, Oxford University Press, (2002), Vol. 1.
Brown Weiss, Edith and Jackson, John, (eds), Reconciling Environment and Trade, Ardsley, NY, Transnational Publishers, (2001).
Button, Catherine, The Power to Protect: Trade, Health and Uncertainty in the WTO, Portland, Hart Publishing, (2004).
Chayes, Abram and Chayes, Antonia Handler, The New Sovereignty: Compliance with International Regulatory Regimes, Harvard University Press, (1996).
Choi, Won-Mog, “Like Products” in International Trade Law: Towards a Consistent GATT / WTO Jurisprudence, New York, Oxford University Press, (2003).
Coicaud, Jean-Marc and Heiskanen, Viejo, (eds), The Legitimacy of International Organizations, Tokyo, New York, United Nations University Press, (2001).
Cordonier Segger, Marie-Claire and Weeramantry, Christie, (eds), Sustainable Justice: Reconciling Economic, Social and Environmental Law, The Netherlands, Koninklijke Brill, (2005).
Cottier, Thomas and Mavroidis, Petros, (eds), Regulatory Barriers and the Principle of Non-Discrimination in World Trade Law, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, (2000).
Cottier, Thomas, Pauwelyn, Joost and Burgi Bonanomi, Elisabeth, (eds), Human Rights and International Trade, New York, Oxford University Press, (2005).
Crawford, David and Jeffery, Robert W., Obesity Prevention and Public Health, Oxford University Press, (2005).
Dalal-Clayton, Barry and Sadler, Barry, Strategic Environmental Assessment: A Sourcebook and Reference Guide to International Experience, Earthscan, OECD, UNEP, IIED, (2005).
Epps, Tracey, International Trade and Health Protection: A Critical Assessment of the WTO's SPS Agreement, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar, (2008).
Fontanelli, Filippo, Martinico, Giuseppe and Carrozza, Paolo (eds), Shaping Rule of Law Through Dialogue: International and Supranational Experiences, Groningen, Europa Law Publishing, (2010).
Franck, Thomas, The Power of Legitimacy Among Nations, New York, Oxford University Press, 1990.
Garcia, Frank, Trade, Inequality, and Justice: Toward a Liberal Theory of Just Trade, Ardsley NY, Transnational Publishers, (2003).
Gewertz, Deborah, and Errington, Frederick, Cheap Meat: Flap Food Nations and the Pacific Islands, London, University of California Press, 2010.
Gostin, Lawrence, Public Health Law: Power, Duty Restraint, (2nd ed.) University of California PressBerkeley and Los Angeles, (2008).
Guzmán, Andrew, How International Law Works: A Rational Choice Theory, New York, Oxford University Press, (2008).
Hawkes, Corinna, Blouin, Chantal, Hensen, Spencer, Drager, Nick and Dubé, Laurette, Trade, Food, Diet and Health: Perspectives and Policy Options, Wiley Blackwell, 2010
Henkin, Louis, How Nations Behave: Law and Foreign Policy, New York, Columbia University Press, (1979).
Hudec, Robert, Essays on the Nature of International Trade Law, London, Cameron May, (2000).
Jackson, John, World Trade and the Law of GATT, Charlottesville, VA, The Michie Company, (1969).
Jackson, John, Davey, William and Sykes, William, Legal Problems of International Economic Relations: Cases Materials and Text, (5th ed), Thomson West, St. Paul MN, 2008.
Jamison, Dean, Breman, Joel, Measham, Anthony, Alleyne, George, Claeson, Mariam, Evans, David, Jha, Prabhat, Mills, Anne, Musgrove, Philip, (eds), Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries (2nd ed), Oxford University Press, The World Bank, (2006).
Jha, Prabhat and Chaloupka, Frank, (eds), Tobacco Control in Developing Countries, World Bank and World Health Organization, Oxford University Press, (2000).
Mavroidis, Petros, The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade: A Commentary, Oxford, Oxford University Press, (2005).
Pauwelyn, Joost, Conflict of Norms in Public International Law: How WTO Law Relates to Other Rules of International Law, New York, Cambridge University Press, (2003).
Pollack, Mark and Shaffer, Greg, When Cooperation Fails: The International Law and Politics of Genetically Modified Foods, New York, Oxford University Press, (2009).
Roemer, Ruth, Legislative Action to Combat the World Tobacco Epidemic, (2nd ed), Geneva, World Health Organization, (1993).
Scott, Joanne, The WTO Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2007.
Shadikhodjaev, Sherzod, Retaliation in the WTO Dispute Settlement System, The Netherlands, Kluwer Law International, (2009).
Shafey, Omar, Dolwick, Suzanne and Guindon, G. Emmanuel, (eds), Tobacco Control Country Profiles, 2nd ed, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA, (2003).
Shan, Wenhua, Simmons, Penelope and Singh, Dalvinder, Redefining Sovereignty in International Economic Law, Oxford, Hart Publishing, (2008).
Shelton, Dinah (ed), Commitment and Compliance: The Role of Non-Binding Norms in the International Legal System, New York, Oxford University Press, (2000).
Sinclair, Ian, The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, Manchester, Manchester University Press, 2nd ed., (1984).
Slaughter, Anne-Marie, A New World Order, Princeton University Press, (2004).
Sunstein, Cass, Legal Reasoning and Political Conflict, New York, Oxford University Press, (1996).
Thuronyi, Victor, (ed), Tax Law Design and Drafting, International Monetary Fund, (1996), Volume 1.
Trebilcock, Michael and Howse, Robert, The Regulation of International Trade, London, Routledge, (2005).
Voon, Tania, Cultural Products and the World Trade Organization, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, (2007).
Waincymer, Jeff, WTO Litigation: Procedural Aspects of Formal Dispute Settlement, London, Cameron May, (2002).
Wolfrum, Rüdiger Stoll, Peter-Tobias, , Seibert-Fohr, Anja, WTO: Technical Barriers and SPS Measures, Leiden, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, (2007).
WTO Analytical Index: Guide to WTO Law and Practice, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, (2007).
Wunsch-Vincent, Sacha, The WTO, the Internet and Trade in Digital Products: EC – US Perspectives, Portland Or., Hart Publishing, (2006).
Newspaper Articles
,AFP, “Taiwan Plans Junk Food Tax,” December 22, 2009.
Mutler, Alison, “Romanians Move to Tax the Once Beloved Fast Food,”AP, February 17, 2009.
Mutler, Alison, Bangkok Post, “Alcohol Consumption Bill Reaction, Boon Rawd: Law May Breach WTO Rules,” Friday, March 16, 2007.
Mutler, Alison, Fiji Times Online, “Nations in a Flap over Nothing,” Thursday, January 7, 2010.
Mutler, Alison, The Nation, “Council of State ‘Set to Oppose Ban’ on Drink Ads,” Friday November 24 2006.
Mutler, Alison, The Sunday Times, “Labour: Ban High-Caffeine Alcohol,” February 7, 2010.
Websites
Australian Productivity Commission. See www.pc.gov.au.
Health Canada http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hc-ps/tobac-tabac/legislation/federal/amend_faq-modif-eng.php.
National Health Accounts http://www.who.int/nha/country/en/index.html.
World Health Organization Global Database on Body Mass Index, available at http://www.who.int/bmi/index.jsp.

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