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Biases in research: risk factors for non-replicability in psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy research

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 December 2016

F. Leichsenring ,
A. Abbass ,
M. J. Hilsenroth ,
F. Leweke ,
P. Luyten ,
J. R. Keefe ,
N. Midgley ,
S. Rabung ,
S. Salzer  and
C. Steinert
F. Leichsenring*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
A. Abbass
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Centre for Emotions and Health, Halifax, NS, Canada
M. J. Hilsenroth
Affiliation:
The Derner Institute of Advanced Psychological Studies, Adelphi University, NY, USA
F. Leweke
Affiliation:
Department of Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
P. Luyten
Affiliation:
Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven, Klinische Psychologie (OE), Leuven, Belgium Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
J. R. Keefe
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
N. Midgley
Affiliation:
The Anna Freud Centre, London, UK Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, UCL, London, UK
S. Rabung
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Alpen-Adria-Universität Klagenfurt, Universitätsstr, Klagenfurt, Austria Department of Medical Psychology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
S. Salzer
Affiliation:
Clinic of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Georg-August-Universität Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany International Psychoanalytic University (IPU), Berlin, Germany
C. Steinert
Affiliation:
Department of Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
*
*Address for correspondence: F. Leichsenring, DSc, Department of Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Ludwigstr. 76, Giessen, Germany. (Email: falk.leichsenring@psycho.med.uni-giessen.de)
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Abstract

Replicability of findings is an essential prerequisite of research. For both basic and clinical research, however, low replicability of findings has recently been reported. Replicability may be affected by research biases not sufficiently controlled for by the existing research standards. Several biases such as researcher allegiance or selective reporting are well-known for affecting results. For psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy research, specific additional biases may affect outcome (e.g. therapist allegiance, therapist effects or impairments in treatment implementation). For meta-analyses further specific biases are relevant. In psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy research these biases have not yet been systematically discussed in the context of replicability. Using a list of 13 biases as a starting point, we discuss each bias's impact on replicability. We illustrate each bias by selective findings of recent research, showing that (1) several biases are not yet sufficiently controlled for by the presently applied research standards, (2) these biases have a pernicious effect on replicability of findings. For the sake of research credibility, it is critical to avoid these biases in future research. To control for biases and to improve replicability, we propose to systematically implement several measures in psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy research, such as adversarial collaboration (inviting academic rivals to collaborate), reviewing study design prior to knowing the results, triple-blind data analysis (including subjects, investigators and data managers/statisticians), data analysis by other research teams (crowdsourcing), and, last not least, updating reporting standards such as CONSORT or the Template for Intervention Description and Replication (TIDieR).

Keywords

Efficacyevidence-based medicinepsychotherapy researchreplicabilityrisk factors
Type
Review Article
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 47 , Issue 6 , April 2017 , pp. 1000 - 1011
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2016 

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Footnotes

† This paper is dedicated to my late teacher and friend Willi Hager.

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