Skip to main content
Log in

The Importance of a Pleasant Process of Treatment: Lessons on Healing from South India

  • Published:
Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This paper considers the significance of the positive and negative aesthetic qualities of different therapies—in other words, how “pleasant” (a term that is elaborated in the paper) it is to undergo various treatments. Interviews were conducted with patients undergoing three forms of healing for mental illness and related problems in the state of Kerala in southern India—ayurvedic (indigenous) psychiatry, allopathic (biomedical) psychiatry, and religious healing. Informants revealed concerns about the aesthetic process of therapy, reporting adverse reactions to allopathic treatments and in some cases asserting that they enjoyed ayurvedic procedures. Some informants with long-term illnesses had chosen to live in the process of therapy and reside indefinitely in the aesthetically engaging environment of a mosque, temple, or church after pursuing medical therapies for years. Thus considerations of the quality of the process of therapy also call for an examination of the limitations of the concept of “cure” for describing what is accomplished in healing in some therapeutic settings.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

REFERENCES

  • American Library Association–Library of Congress 1997 ALA-LC Romanization Tables: Transliteration Schemes for Non-Roman Scripts. Washington, DC: Library of Congress.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bastos, Cristiana 1999 Global Responses to AIDS: Science in Emergency. Bloomington, IN: IndianaUniversity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernard, H. Russell 2002 Research Methods in Anthropology: Qualitative and Quantitative Methods, 3rd edn. Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhattacharyya, Deborah 1986 Pāgalāmi: Ethnopsychiatric Knowledge in Bengal. Syracuse, NY: Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, Syracuse University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Black's Medical Dictionary 1992 Black's Medical Dictionary 37th edn. Lanham, MD: Barnes and Noble Books.

  • Bourguignon, Erika 1991 Possession. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Callahan, Daniel 1990 What Kind of Life? The Limits of Medical Progress. New York: Simon andSchuster.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carney, M.T., and Diane E. Meier 2000 Palliative Care and End-of-Life Issues. Anesthesiology Clinics of North America 18(1): 183-209.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cassel, Eric 1982 The Nature of Suffering and the Goals of Medicine. New England Journal of Medicine 306(11): 639-645.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crapanzano, Vincent 1973 The Hamadsha: A Study in Moroccan Ethnopsychiatry. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Csordas, Thomas 1983 The Rhetoric of Transformation in Ritual Healing. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 7: 333-375.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daniel, E. Valentine 1984 Fluid Signs: Being a Person the Tamil Way. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Desjarlais, Robert 1992 Body and Emotion: The Aesthetics of Illness and Healing in the Nepal Himalayas. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doyle, Derek, Geoffrey Hanks, and Neil MacDonald 1998 Introduction. In Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine, 2nd edn. Derek Doyle, Geoffrey Hanks, and Neil MacDonald, eds. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Estroff, Sue E. 1981 Making It Crazy: An Ethnography of Psychiatric Clients in an American Community. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ewing, Katherine 1991 Can Psychoanalytic Theories Explain the Pakistani Woman? Intrapsychic Autonomy and Interpersonal Engagement in the Extended Family. Ethos 19(2): 131-161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Good, Byron J., and Mary-Jo DelVecchio Good 1993 “Learning Medicine”: The Constructing of Medical Knowledge at Harvard Medical School. In Knowledge, Power and Practice: The Anthropology of Medicine and Everyday Life. Shirley Lindenbaum and Margaret Lock, eds., pp. 81-107. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Good, Mary-Jo DelVecchio 1991 The Practice of Biomedicine and the Discourse on Hope: A Preliminary Investigation into the Culture of American Oncology. In Anthropologies of Medicine: A Colloquium on West European and North American Perspectives. Beatrix Pfleiderer and Gilles Bibeau, eds., pp. 121-136. Braunschwieg, Germany: Vieweg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hahn, Robert, and Atwood Gaines 1985 Physicians of Western Medicine: Anthropological Approaches to Theory and Practice. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Reidel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanks, G.W., and P.J. Hoskin 1995 Pain and Symptom Control in Advanced Cancer. In Oxford Textbook of Oncology. M. Peckham, H. Pinedo, and U. Veronesi, eds. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herzfeld, Michael 1986 Closure as Cure: Tropes in the Exploration of Bodily and Social Disorder. Current Anthropology 27(2): 107-120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoskins, Janet 1996 From Diagnosis to Performance: Medical Practice and the Politics of Exchange in Kodi, West Sumba. In The Performance of Healing. Carol Laderman and Marina Roseman, eds., pp. 271-290. New York: Routeledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janzen, John 1978 The Quest for Therapy: Medical Pluralism in Lower Zaire. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jecker, Nancy S., and Donnie J. Self 1991 Separating Care and Cure: An Analysis of Historical and Contemporary Images of Nursing and Medicine. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 16: 285-306.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, Harold, and Benjamin Sadock 1989 Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, 5th edn. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kehoe, Alice, and Dody Giletti 1981 Women's Preponderance in Possession Cults: The Calcium-Deficiency Hypothesis Extended. American Anthropologist 83: 549-561.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kleinman, Arthur 1988 The Illness Narratives: Suffering, Healing, and the Human Condition. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kleinman, Arthur, and Lilias Sung 1979 Why Do Indigenous Practitioners Successfully Heal? Social Science and Medicine 13B: 7-26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kothari, Manu L., and Lopa A. Mehta 1988 Violence in Modern Medicine. In Science, Hegemony and Violence: A Requiem for Modernity. Ashis Nandy, ed., pp. 167-210. Delhi, India: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kusserow, Adrie 1999 Crossing the Great Divide: Anthropological Theories of the Western Self. Journal of Anthropological Research 55: 541-562.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laderman, Carol, and Marina Roseman 1996 Introduction. In The Performance of Healing. Carol Laderman and Marina Roseman, eds., pp. 1-16. New York: Routeledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, Ioan M. 1983 Spirit Possession and Biological Reductionism: A Rejoinder to Kehoe and Giletti. American Anthropologist 85: 412-413.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, Ioan M. 1989 Ecstatic Religion: A Study of Spirit Possession and Shamanism, 2nd edn. London: Routeledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marriott, McKim 1976 Hindu Transactions: Diversity Without Dualism. In Transaction and Meaning: Directions in the Anthropology of Exchange and Symbolic Behavior. Bruce Kapferer, ed., pp. 109-142. Philadelphia, PA: Institute for the Study of Human Issues.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, Emily 1994 Flexible Bodies: Tracking Immunity in American Culture From the Days of Polio to the Age of AIDS. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mines, Mattison 1988 Conceptualizing the Person: Hierarchical Society and Individual Autonomy in India. American Anthropologist 90: 568-579.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morley, Peter, and Roy Wallis, eds. 1979 Culture and Curing: Anthropological Perspectives on Traditional Medical Beliefs and Practices. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, R. Sean, Diane E. Meier, and Christine K. Cassel 1996 When Too Much Is Too Little. New England Journal of Medicine 335(23): 1755-1759.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mosby's Medical, Nursing & Allied Health Dictionary 1998 Mosby's Medical, Nursing & Allied Health Dictionary 5th edn. St. Louis, MN: Mosby.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nichter, Mark 1980 The Layperson's Perception of Medicine as Perspective into the Utilization of Multiple Therapy Systems in the Indian Context. Social Science and Medicine 14B: 225-233.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nichter, Mark 1981 Idioms of Distress: Alternatives in the Expression of Psychosocial Distress: A Case From South India. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 5(4): 379-408.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nichter, Mark 1987 Cultural Dimensions of Hot, Cold and Sema in Sinhalese Health Culture. Social Science and Medicine 25(4): 377-387.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nichter, Mark, and Carolyn Nordstrom 1989 A Question of Medicine Answering: Health Commodification and the Social Relations of Healing in Sri Lanka. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 13: 367-390.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nunley, Michael 1996 Why Psychiatrists in India Prescribe So Many Drugs. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 20(2): 165-197.

    Google Scholar 

  • Owen, Elizabeth (producer) 2000 On Our Own Terms: Moyers on Dying. Episode: A Different Kind of Care. Educational Broadcasting Corporation/Public Affairs Television, Inc.

  • Oxford English Dictionary 1972 Oxford English Dictionary Vol.I, A-G. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Payer, Lynn 1988 Medicine and Culture: Varieties of Treatment in the United States, England, West Germany, and France. New York: H. Holt.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pillai, Mekkolla Parameswaran 1995 Assissi English–Malayalam Dictionary. Changanacherry, India: Assissi Printing and Publishing House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pillai, T. Ramalingam 1996 English–English–Malayalam Dictionary. Kottayam, India: D. C. Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Redmond, K. 1998 Treatment Choices in Advanced Cancer: Issues and Perspectives. European Journal of Cancer Care 7(1): 31-39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rhodes, Lorna A. 1991 Emptying Beds: The Work of an Emergency Psychiatric Unit. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Romanucci-Ross, Lola 1969 The Hierarchy of Resort in Curative Practices: The Admiralty Islands, Melanesia. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 10: 201-209.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roseman, Marina 1991 Healing Sounds From the Malaysian Rainforest: Temiar Music and Medicine. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma, R.K., and Bhagwan Dash, eds. 1998 Caraka Samhita. Varanasi, India: Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shweder, Richard 1991 Thinking Through Cultures: Expeditions in Cultural Psychology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaidyanathan, T.G. 1989 Authority and Identity in India. Daedalus 118: 147-169.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, James C. 1981 Medical Choice in a Mexican Village. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimmermann, Francis 1992 Gentle Purge: The Flower Power of Āyurveda. In Paths to Asian Medical Knowledge. Charles Leslie and Allan Young, eds., pp. 209-224. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Halliburton, M. The Importance of a Pleasant Process of Treatment: Lessons on Healing from South India. Cult Med Psychiatry 27, 161–186 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024222008118

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024222008118

Navigation