Pawlowsch-Instrumentelle Transfereffekte bei Alkoholabhängigkeit
Abstract
Hintergrund: Alkoholabhängigkeit ist eine Verkettung ungünstiger Entscheidungen in Bezug auf Alkoholkonsum. Dieses Entscheidungsmuster scheint sich u. a wegen pawlowsch-instrumentellen Transfereffekten (PIT-Effekten) immer wieder zu reproduzieren. Ziel dieser Literaturzusammenschau ist, wichtige Befunde zum Zusammenhang zwischen PIT-Effekten und Suchterkrankungen zusammenzutragen und offene Fragen im Hinblick auf PIT bei Alkoholabhängigkeit aufzuzeigen. Methoden: Die Literaturzusammenschau nutzte keine systematische Literaturrecherche, sondern basierte auf den Recherchen im Rahmen der Forschergruppe 1617 (Learning and Habitization in Alcohol Dependence, LeAD) der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG). Ergebnisse: PIT-Effekte könnten im Zusammenhang mit Alkoholabhängigkeit möglicherweise zu einem Teufelskreis führen. Dieser besteht aus der Verstärkung von PIT-Effekten durch Alkoholkonsum und verstärktem Alkoholkonsum aufgrund von verstärkten PIT-Effekten. Diskussion: PIT-Effekte bei Alkoholabhängigkeit sind bisher vorwiegend aus Tierstudien bekannt. Das PIT-Paradigma kann uns allerdings auch in der humanen Suchtforschung Aufschluss darüber geben, wie bestimmte Reizmuster Alkoholabhängige zum wiederholten Alkoholkonsum motivieren. Demnach können PIT-Experimente womöglich auch helfen Alkoholrückfälle vorherzusagen.
Background: Disadvantageous decisions with respect to alcohol consumption play a central role in alcohol dependency (AD). This decision making pattern seems to be in part a result of Pavlovian to Instrumental Transfer effects (PIT effects). The aim of this review is to summarize important findings on PIT within the scope of addiction disorders. Building on this, open questions in the field of human AD are discussed. Methods: This review is not based on a systematic and standardized literature research. Instead the review was based on the literature search conducted in group 1617 of the German Research Foundation (DFG; Learning and Habitization in Alcohol Dependence, LeAD). Selection of research articles was based on expert opinion. Results: PIT effects in AD might possibly lead to a vicious cycle consisting of enhanced PIT effects through alcohol consumption and enhanced alcohol consumption through enhanced PIT effects. Discussion: PIT effects in alcohol addiction are mainly known from animal studies. In human AD research the PIT paradigm may be able to reveal how particular cues disproportionally motivate AD patients to drink alcohol. PIT experiments thus have potential uses in the prediction of relapse and the measurement of addiction severity.
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