Fetale Alkoholspektrumstörungen – Diagnose, neuropsychologische Testung und symptomorientierte Förderung
Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Laut den aktuellen Studien zur Gesundheit in Deutschland (GEDA) haben knapp 20 % der schwangeren Frauen einen „moderaten Alkoholkonsum“ und knapp 8 % einen riskanten Alkoholkonsum. 12 % der Schwangeren geben ein Rauschtrinken (≥ 5 Getränke pro Gelegenheit) seltener als einmal pro Monat, knapp 4 % jeden Monat und 0.1 % mindestens jede Woche an. Zurückhaltende, strenge Schätzungen ergeben, dass ca. 1 % aller Kinder intrauterin durch Alkohol geschädigt werden. Extrapoliert aus dieser Schätzung bedeutet dies, dass in Deutschland ca. 0.8 Millionen Menschen, davon 130 000 Kinder, mit einer Fetalen Alkoholspektrumstörung (FASD) leben. Die Mehrzahl der betroffenen Kinder werden nicht oder erst spät richtig diagnostiziert. Professionelle Helfer im Gesundheits- und Sozialsystem sind bislang über die Symptome und die notwendige Diagnostik der FASD nur unzureichend informiert. Ziel dieses Übersichtsartikels ist die Erläuterung der ärztlichen und psychologischen diagnostischen Möglichkeiten und Notwendigkeiten bei Kindern und Jugendlichen mit FASD. Eine frühzeitige Diagnose und ein konstantes förderndes und gewaltfreies Umfeld sind als wichtigste protektive Faktoren für den Langzeit-Outcome von Menschen mit FASD identifiziert worden.
Abstract. According to the GEDA study (Study of Health in Germany), 20 % of all pregnant women show moderate and 8 % risky alcohol consumption. Of the pregnant women, 12 % engage in binge drinking (≥ 5 drinks per occasion less than once per month, 4 % every month and 0.1 % at least every week). According to conservative estimates, approximately 1 % of all children are affected by intrauterine exposure to alcohol. In total, approximately 800,000 million people, thereof 130,000 children, suffer from a fetal alcohol spectrum disorder in Germany. Many of the affected children, however, remain undiagnosed or are properly diagnosed only very late. To date, professionals in the healthcare and social system have not been sufficiently informed about the symptoms and the necessary diagnosis. This review illustrates the medical and psychological possibilities and necessities regarding children and adolescents with FASD. Early diagnosis and living in a supportive and violence-free environment are the most important protective factors for the long-term outcome of patients with FASD.
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