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Originalarbeit

„Positive Nebenwirkungen“ von Psychotherapie

Ein Plädoyer für die Erfassung multifinaler Wirkeffekte

Published Online:https://doi.org/10.1026/1616-3443/a000370

Zusammenfassung. In dieser Übersichtsarbeit wird vorgeschlagen, in das Konzept der Nebenwirkungen der Psychotherapie auch positive Nebenwirkungen (bzw. Begleiteffekte) einzuschließen, um die Breite der Wirkungen verhaltensbezogener Interventionen, insbesondere der Psychotherapie, angemessen zu beschreiben. Da sich der Begriff der „Nebenwirkungen“ aus dem klassischen medizinischen Modell ableitet und ursprünglich auf chemische und physikalische Interventionen bezieht, ist er nicht ohne vertiefende definitorische Überlegungen auf psychologische Interventionen, die oft auf einem bio-psycho-sozialen Grundverständnis beruhen, übertragbar. Psychotherapie wirkt nicht isoliert auf definierte Störungsursachen oder umgrenzte psychologische Zielkriterien, sondern auch auf miteinander interagierende psychologische und soziale Bedingungen, die mit den Symptomen und Syndromen einer psychischen Störung assoziiert sind. Dadurch fördert sie direkt oder indirekt auch Erlebens- und Verhaltensweisen, die einer positiv definierten psychischen Gesundheit entsprechen. Als Beispiele positiver Nebenwirkungen der Psychotherapie diskutieren wir die Verbesserung des habituellen psychischen Wohlbefindens und der Lebensqualität, die Verbesserung körperlicher Parameter, einschließlich des Immunsystems, Verbesserungen in sozialen Bereichen, die Verwirklichung beruflicher Potentiale sowie einen Zuwachs an psychologischen Kompetenzen und Resilienzfaktoren. Forschungsdesigns sind erforderlich, die ein breites Spektrum an Outcomes erfassen und prüfen, ob und welche der (Begleit–)Effekte spezifisch sind, d. h. nach der Psychotherapie stärker ausgeprägt als nach anderen Interventionen (Selbsthilfe, medizinische Behandlung, etc.) oder nach natürlichen Veränderungsprozessen.


Positive Side Effects: Plea for Assessing the Multifinality of Psychotherapy

Abstract. We argue that the analysis of the side effects of psychotherapy should include not only negative but also positive side effects and by-products, since only such a broadened perspective allows us to describe the effects of psychotherapy comprehensively. The concept of side effects was originally derived from the classic medical model and cannot be simply transferred to psychological interventions, which have a bio-psycho-social orientation. Psychotherapy does not affect circumscribed psychological variables or causal etiological factors in isolation, but rather interacting psychological and social conditions, which are associated with the symptoms and syndromes of mental disorder. Directly or indirectly, it promotes modes of experiencing and behavior, which are constituents of mental health. We discuss a number of positive side effects of psychotherapy: the improvement of habitual mood and quality of life, the improvement of somatic parameters, including those of the immune system, positive changes in the social domain, the realization of career opportunities, as well as gains in terms of psychological competencies and resilience. We propose to develop research designs that incorporate a multivariate framework of outcomes and make it possible to test [author: edits ok?] what side effects are specific, that is, more pronounced following psychotherapy than following other forms of interventions (such as self-help, medical treatments, etc.) or after naturally occurring change processes.

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