A Validation and Replication Study of the Patient-Generated Measure PSYCHLOPS on an Icelandic Clinical Population
Abstract
PSYCHLOPS (Psychological Outcome Profiles; Ashworth et al., 2004) is a patient-generated outcome measure developed to be a sensitive indicator of change after therapy. It requires the patient to choose which symptoms or problems are most important to measure over the course of therapy. The present study replicates previous findings for the original version and validates the Icelandic version. The psychometric properties of PSYCHLOPS were investigated by comparing it to an established nomothetic outcome measure, CORE-OM. Icelandic versions of both questionnaires were administered to patients attending cognitive behavior group therapy in a mental-health setting in Iceland. PSYCHLOPS was found to be considerably more sensitive to change over therapy than CORE-OM; convergent and concurrent validity was supported, and internal reliabilities were satisfactory. The acceptability of the instrument was demonstrated by the high completion rate. Overall, these findings suggest that the Icelandic version of PSYCHLOPS has good psychometric properties, and the findings compared very favorably to previous findings. It is concluded that PSYCHLOPS should be considered a desirable instrument for evaluating mental-health outcome and a valuable complement to conventional nomothetic outcome measures.
References
2007). PSYCHLOPS: A patient-centered outcome measure. Progress in Neurology and Psychiatry, 1, 37–41.
(2009). Measuring psychological outcomes after cognitive behavior therapy in primary care: A comparison between a new patient-generated measure “PSYCHLOPS” (Psychological Outcome Profiles) and “HADS” (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale). Journal of Mental Health, 18, 169–177.
(2007). What does an idiographic measure (PSYCHLOPS) tell us about the spectrum of psychological issues and scores on a nomothetic measure (CORE-OM)? Primary Care and Community Psychiatry, 12, 7–16.
(2005). Measuring mental health outcomes in primary care: The psychometric properties of a new patient-generated outcome measure, PSYCHLOPS (Psychological Outcome Profiles). Primary Care Mental Health, 3, 261–270.
(2004). A client-generated psychometric instrument: The development of PSYCHLOPS. Counseling and Psychotherapy Research, 4, 27–33.
(1997). Counselors in primary care in Southampton: A questionnaire survey of their qualifications, working arrangement, and casemix. British Journal of General Practice, 47, 613–617.
(1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral science (2nd ed.). New York: Academic Press.
(1986). Idiographic, nomothetic and related perspectives in behavioral assessment. In , Conceptual foundations of behavioral assessment (pp. 111–128). New York: Guilford.
(1998). CORE system (information management) handbook. Leeds: CORE System Group.
. (2002). Individualized outcome measures: A review of the literature. The Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 69, 84–94.
(2010). Are problems prevalent and stable in nonclinical populations? Problems and test-retest stability of a patient-generated measure, PSYCHLOPS (Psychological Outcome Profiles), in a nonclinical student sample. British Journal of Guidance and Counseling, 38, 431–439.
(2002). Toward a standardized brief outcome measure: Psychometric properties and utility of the CORE-OM. British Journal of Psychiatry, 180, 51–60.
(1998). The contribution of reliable and clinically significant change methods to evidence-based mental health. Evidence Based Mental Health, 1, 70–72.
(2000). CORE: Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation. Journal of Mental Health, 9, 247–255.
(1987). Statistical inference for coefficient α. Applied Psychological Measurement, 11, 93–103.
(1998). Evaluating patient-based outcome measure for use in clinical trials. Health Technology Assessment, 2, 1–74.
(2003). Outcome measurement in psychiatry: A critical review of outcomes measurement in psychiatry research and practice. University of York, NHS Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, Report Number 24.
(1992). Measuring health status: What are the necessary measurement properties? Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 45, 1341–1345.
(2000). Principles and practice of behavioral assessment. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum.
(2004). The Scottish 700 outcomes study: A comparative evaluation of the Health of the Nation Outcome Scale (HoNOS), the Avon Mental Health Measure (AVON), and an Idiographic Scale (OPUS) in adult mental health. Journal of Mental Health, 13, 93–105.
(1991). Clinical significance: A statistical approach to defining meaningful change in psychotherapy research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 12–19.
(1989). Effect sizes for interpreting changes in health status. Medical Care, 27, 178–189.
(2012 ). The psychometric properties of the Icelandic version of the CORE-OM outcome measure. Manuscript submitted for publication.1999). The importance of considering clients’ perspectives in psychotherapy research. Journal of Mental Health, 8, 325–337.
(2008). Measuring change in counseling and psychotherapy. New York: Guilford.
(1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
(1996). Measuring outcome in primary care: A patient-generated measure, MYMOP, compared to the SF-36 health survey. British Medical Journal, 312, 1016–1020.
(1983). The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 67, 361–370.
(