We know how many drugs of abuse – cocaine, heroin and nicotine – work, but less about how they lead to addiction. Studies of the brain-learning systems concerned are addressing the causes of addiction, with the intent of developing better treatments.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution
Relevant articles
Open Access articles citing this article.
-
Orbitofrontal cortex microRNAs support long-lasting heroin seeking behavior in male rats
Translational Psychiatry Open Access 08 April 2023
-
Sex differences in electrophysiological properties and voltage-gated ion channel expression in the paraventricular thalamic nucleus following repeated stress
Biology of Sex Differences Open Access 27 September 2022
-
Optogenetic stimulation of striatal patches modifies habit formation and inhibits dopamine release
Scientific Reports Open Access 06 October 2021
Access options
Subscribe to this journal
Receive 51 print issues and online access
$199.00 per year
only $3.90 per issue
Buy this article
- Purchase on Springer Link
- Instant access to full article PDF
Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout
References
Wise, R. A. & Bozarth, M. Psychol. Rev. 94, 469–492 (1987).
Hoebel, B. G. et al. Psychopharmacology 81, 158– 163 (1983).
Bozarth, M. A. & Wise, R. A. Life Sci. 28, 551–555 (1981).
Rossetti, Z. L. et al. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 221, 227– 234 (1992).
Koob, G. F. & Le Moal, M. Science 278, 52–58 (1997).
Volkow, N. D. et al. Nature 386, 830–833 (1997).
Uhl, G. Neuropsychopharmaology 20, 3–9 (1999 ).
Phillips, T. J. et al. Nature Neurosci. 1, 610– 615 (1998).
Maldonado, R. et al. Nature 388, 586–589 (1997).
Harris, G. C. & Aston-Jones, G. Nature 371, 155–157 (1994).
Rocha, B. A. et al. Nature 393, 175–178 (1998).
Volkow, N. D. et al. Nature 386, 827–830 (1997).
Markou, A. et al. Neuropsychopharmacology 18, 135– 174 (1998).
Rocha, B. et al. Nature Neurosci. 1, 132– 137 (1998).
Parsons, L. et al. J. Neurosci. 18, 10078– 10089 (1998).
Self, D. W. & Nestler, E. J. Drug Alcohol Depend. 51, 49–60 (1998).
Mendelson, J. H. et al. Neuropsychopharmacology 8, 263– 271 (1998).
Robinson, T. E. & Berridge, K. C. Brain Res. Rev. 18 , 247–291 (1993).
O'Brien, C. P. & McLennan, A. T. Lancet 347, 237–240 (1996).
Whitelaw, R. et al. Psychopharmacology 127, 213– 224 (1996).
Grant, S. et al. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 93, 12040– 12045 (1996).
Breiter, H. C. et al. Neuron 19, 591–611 (1997).
Tiffany, S. T. Psychol. Rev. 97, 147–168 (1990).
White, N. M. Addiction 91, 921–949 ( 1996).
Schultz, W. et al. Science 275, 1593– 1599 (1997).
Herman, B. H. et al. Neuropsychopharmacology 13, 269– 293 (1995).
Shaham, Y. et al. J. Neurosci. 16, 1957– 1963 (1996).
Pilla, M. et al. J. Psychopharm. 11S, A5 (1997).
Meil, W. M. & See, R. E. Behav. Brain Res. 87, 139–148 (1997).
Rogers, R. D. et al. Neuropsychopharmacology 20, 322– 339 (1999).
. Wilson, J. M. et al. Nature Med. 2, 699– 703 (1996).
. McCann, U. D. et al. Lancet 352, 1433–1437 (1998).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Robbins, T., Everitt, B. Drug addiction: bad habits add up. Nature 398, 567–570 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1038/19208
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/19208
This article is cited by
-
Orbitofrontal cortex microRNAs support long-lasting heroin seeking behavior in male rats
Translational Psychiatry (2023)
-
p-Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway Involved in Methamphetamine-induced Executive Dysfunction through Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Apoptosis in the Dorsal Striatum
Neurotoxicity Research (2023)
-
Sex differences in electrophysiological properties and voltage-gated ion channel expression in the paraventricular thalamic nucleus following repeated stress
Biology of Sex Differences (2022)
-
Primate ventral striatum maintains neural representations of the value of previously rewarded objects for habitual seeking
Nature Communications (2021)
-
Optogenetic stimulation of striatal patches modifies habit formation and inhibits dopamine release
Scientific Reports (2021)