Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

  • Original Article
  • Published:

Smoking but not cocaine use is associated with lower cerebral metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 density in humans

Molecular Psychiatry volume 19, pages 625–632 (2014)Cite this article

Subjects

Abstract

Long-lasting neuroadaptations in the glutamatergic corticostriatal circuitry have been suggested to be responsible for the persisting nature of drug addiction. In particular, animal models have linked the metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) to drug-seeking behavior and extinction learning. Accordingly, blocking mGluR5s attenuated self-administration of cocaine and other addictive drugs in rats. How these animal findings extend to humans remains unclear. Therefore, we investigated if human cocaine users (CU) exhibit altered mGluR5 availability compared with drug-naïve control subjects. Seventeen male controls (11 smokers) and 18 male cocaine users (13 smokers) underwent positron emission tomography with 11C-ABP688 to quantify mGluR5 availability in 12 volumes of interest in addiction-related brain areas. Drug use was assessed by self-report and quantitative hair toxicology. CU and controls did not significantly differ in regional mGluR5 availability. In contrast, smokers (n=24) showed significantly lower mGluR5 density throughout the brain (mean 20%) compared with non-smokers (n=11). In terms of effect sizes, lower mGluR5 availability was most pronounced in the caudate nucleus (d=1.50, 21%), insula (d=1.47, 20%), and putamen (d=1.46, 18%). Duration of smoking abstinence was positively associated with mGluR5 density in all brain regions of interest, indicating that lower mGluR5 availability was particularly pronounced in individuals who had smoked very recently. Specifically tobacco smoking was associated with lower mGluR5 availability in both CU and controls, while cocaine use was not linked to detectable mGluR5 alterations. These findings have important implications regarding the development of novel pharmacotherapies aimed at facilitating smoking cessation.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Buy this article

  • Purchase on Springer Link
  • Instant access to full article PDF
Buy now

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Degenhardt L, Hall W . Extent of illicit drug use and dependence, and their contribution to the global burden of disease. Lancet 2012; 379: 55–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Olesen J, Gustavsson A, Svensson M, Wittchen HU, Jonsson B . The economic cost of brain disorders in Europe. Eur J Neurol 2012; 19: 155–162.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. UNODC. World Drug Report. Geneva, Switzerland, 2012.

  4. SAMHSA. Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS) 1998–2008. Rockville, MD, USA, 2010.

  5. EMCDDA. Annual report 2011: The state of the drug problem in Europe. Luxembourg, 2011.

  6. Olive MF, Cleva RM, Kalivas PW, Malcolm RJ . Glutamatergic medications for the treatment of drug and behavioral addictions. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2012; 100: 801–810.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Fowler JS, Tomasi D . Addiction circuitry in the human brain. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2012; 52: 321–336.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Everitt BJ, Robbins TW . Neural systems of reinforcement for drug addiction: from actions to habits to compulsion. Nat Neurosci 2005; 8: 1481–1489.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Kalivas PW . The glutamate homeostasis hypothesis of addiction. Nat Rev Neurosci 2009; 10: 561–572.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Nestler EJ . Common molecular and cellular substrates of addiction and memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2002; 78: 637–647.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. McFarland K, Lapish CC, Kalivas PW . Prefrontal glutamate release into the core of the nucleus accumbens mediates cocaine-induced reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior. J Neurosci 2003; 23: 3531–3537.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Ary AW, Szumlinski KK . Regional differences in the effects of withdrawal from repeated cocaine upon Homer and glutamate receptor expression: a two-species comparison. Brain Res 2007; 1184: 295–305.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Ben-Shahar O, Obara I, Ary AW, Ma N, Mangiardi MA, Medina RL et al. Extended daily access to cocaine results in distinct alterations in Homer 1b/c and NMDA receptor subunit expression within the medial prefrontal cortex. Synapse 2009; 63: 598–609.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Fourgeaud L, Mato S, Bouchet D, Hemar A, Worley PF, Manzoni OJ . A single in vivo exposure to cocaine abolishes endocannabinoid-mediated long-term depression in the nucleus accumbens. J Neurosci 2004; 24: 6939–6945.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Ghasemzadeh MB, Vasudevan P, Mueller C, Seubert C, Mantsch JR Neuroadaptations in the cellular and postsynaptic group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR5 and Homer proteins following extinction of cocaine self-administration Neurosci Lett 2009; 452: 167–171.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Hao Y, Martin-Fardon R, Weiss F . Behavioral and functional evidence of metabotropic glutamate receptor 2/3 and metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 dysregulation in cocaine-escalated rats: factor in the transition to dependence. Biol Psychiatry 2010; 68: 240–248.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Swanson CJ, Baker DA, Carson D, Worley PF, Kalivas PW . Repeated cocaine administration attenuates group I metabotropic glutamate receptor-mediated glutamate release and behavioral activation: a potential role for Homer. J Neurosci 2001; 21: 9043–9052.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Abe T, Sugihara H, Nawa H, Shigemoto R, Mizuno N, Nakanishi S . Molecular characterization of a novel metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR5 coupled to inositol phosphate/Ca2+ signal transduction. J Biol Chem 1992; 267: 13361–13368.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Bellone C, Mameli M . mGluR-Dependent Synaptic Plasticity in Drug-Seeking. Front Pharmacol 2012; 3: 159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Duncan JR, Lawrence AJ . The role of metabotropic glutamate receptors in addiction: evidence from preclinical models. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2012; 100: 811–824.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Chiamulera C, Epping-Jordan MP, Zocchi A, Marcon C, Cottiny C, Tacconi S et al. Reinforcing and locomotor stimulant effects of cocaine are absent in mGluR5 null mutant mice. Nat Neurosci 2001; 4: 873–874.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Backstrom P, Hyytia P . Ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonism attenuates cue-induced cocaine seeking. Neuropsychopharmacology 2006; 31: 778–786.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Besheer J, Faccidomo S, Grondin JJ, Hodge CW . Regulation of motivation to self-administer ethanol by mGluR5 in alcohol-preferring (P) rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2008; 32: 209–221.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Gass JT, Osborne MP, Watson NL, Brown JL, Olive MF . mGluR5 antagonism attenuates methamphetamine reinforcement and prevents reinstatement of methamphetamine-seeking behavior in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 2009; 34: 820–833.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Kenny PJ, Boutrel B, Gasparini F, Koob GF, Markou A . Metabotropic glutamate 5 receptor blockade may attenuate cocaine self-administration by decreasing brain reward function in rats. Psychopharmacology 2005; 179: 247–254.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Kumaresan V, Yuan M, Yee J, Famous KR, Anderson SM, Schmidt HD et al. Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) antagonists attenuate cocaine priming- and cue-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking. Behav Brain Res 2009; 202: 238–244.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Lee B, Platt DM, Rowlett JK, Adewale AS, Spealman RD . Attenuation of behavioral effects of cocaine by the metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 antagonist 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)-pyridine in squirrel monkeys: comparison with dizocilpine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005; 312: 1232–1240.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Martin-Fardon R, Baptista MA, Dayas CV, Weiss F . Dissociation of the effects of MTEP [3-[(2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)ethynyl]piperidine] on conditioned reinstatement and reinforcement: comparison between cocaine and a conventional reinforcer. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 329: 1084–1090.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Paterson NE, Markou A . The metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 antagonist MPEP decreased break points for nicotine, cocaine and food in rats. Psychopharmacology 2005; 179: 255–261.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Paterson NE, Semenova S, Gasparini F, Markou A . The mGluR5 antagonist MPEP decreased nicotine self-administration in rats and mice. Psychopharmacology 2003; 167: 257–264.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Platt DM, Rowlett JK, Spealman RD . Attenuation of cocaine self-administration in squirrel monkeys following repeated administration of the mGluR5 antagonist MPEP: comparison with dizocilpine. Psychopharmacology 2008; 200: 167–176.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. van der Kam EL, de Vry J, Tzschentke TM . Effect of 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl) pyridine on intravenous self-administration of ketamine and heroin in the rat. Behav Pharmacol 2007; 18: 717–724.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Ametamey SM, Kessler LJ, Honer M, Wyss MT, Buck A, Hintermann S et al. Radiosynthesis and preclinical evaluation of 11C-ABP688 as a probe for imaging the metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5. J Nucl Med 2006; 47: 698–705.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Ametamey SM, Treyer V, Streffer J, Wyss MT, Schmidt M, Blagoev M et al. Human PET studies of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 with 11C-ABP688. J Nucl Med 2007; 48: 247–252.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Akkus F, Ametamey SM, Treyer V, Burger C, Johayem A, Umbricht D et al. Marked global reduction in mGluR5 receptor binding in smokers and ex-smokers determined by [11C]ABP688 positron emission tomography. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2013; 110: 737–742.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Hulka LM, Wagner M, Preller KH, Jenni D, Quednow BB . Blue-yellow colour vision impairment and cognitive deficits in occasional and dependent stimulant users. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 16: 535–547.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Preller KH, Ingold N, Hulka LM, Vonmoos M, Jenni D, Baumgartner MR et al. Increased sensorimotor gating in recreational and dependent cocaine users is modulated by craving and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms. Biol Psychiatry 2013; 73: 225–234.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Vonmoos M, Hulka LM, Preller KH, Jenni D, Baumgartner MR, Stohler R et al. Cognitive dysfunctions in recreational and dependent cocaine users: role of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, craving and early age at onset. Br J Psychiatry, doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.112.118091 (in press).

  39. Wittchen HU, Wunderlich U, Gruschwitz S, Zaudig M SKID-I. Strukturiertes Klinisches Interview für DSM- IV Achse I: Psychische Störungen. Interviewheft und Beurteilungsheft. Hogrefe: Göttingen, Germany 1997.

  40. Quednow BB, Kuhn KU, Hoenig K, Maier W, Wagner M . Prepulse inhibition and habituation of acoustic startle response in male MDMA ('ecstasy') users, cannabis users, and healthy controls. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004; 29: 982–990.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J . An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1961; 4: 561–571.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Franke G SCL-90-R: Die Symptom-Check-Liste von Derogatis - German Version. Beltz Test Gesellschaft: Göttingen, Germany 1995.

  43. Sussner BD, Smelson DA, Rodrigues S, Kline A, Losonczy M, Ziedonis D . The validity and reliability of a brief measure of cocaine craving. Drug Alcohol Depend 2006; 83: 233–237.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Tiffany ST, Singleton E, Haertzen CA, Henningfield JE . The development of a cocaine craving questionnaire. Drug Alcohol Depend 1993; 34: 19–28.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Heatherton TF, Kozlowski LT, Frecker RC, Fagerstrom KO . The Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence: a revision of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire. Br J Addict 1991; 86: 1119–1127.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Burger C, Deschwanden A, Ametamey S, Johayem A, Mancosu B, Wyss M et al. Evaluation of a bolus/infusion protocol for 11C-ABP688, a PET tracer for mGluR5. Nucl Med Biol 2010; 37: 845–851.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Treyer V, Streffer J, Wyss MT, Bettio A, Ametamey SM, Fischer U et al. Evaluation of the metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 using PET and 11C-ABP688: assessment of methods. J Nucl Med 2007; 48: 1207–1215.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Blasberg RG, Carson RE, Kawai R, Patlak CG, Sawada Y, Channing MA et al. Strategies for the study of the opiate receptor in brain: application to the opiate antagonist cyclofoxy. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1989; 9: 732.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Carson RE, Channing MA, Blasberg RG, Dunn BB, Cohen RM, Rice KC et al. Comparison of bolus and infusion methods for receptor quantitation: application to [18F]cyclofoxy and positron emission tomography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1993; 13: 24–42.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Tzourio-Mazoyer N, Landeau B, Papathanassiou D, Crivello F, Etard O, Delcroix N et al. Automated anatomical labeling of activations in SPM using a macroscopic anatomical parcellation of the MNI MRI single-subject brain. Neuroimage 2002; 15: 273–289.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Innis RB, Cunningham VJ, Delforge J, Fujita M, Gjedde A, Gunn RN et al. Consensus nomenclature for in vivo imaging of reversibly binding radioligands. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2007; 27: 1533–1539.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Deschwanden A, Karolewicz B, Feyissa AM, Treyer V, Ametamey SM, Johayem A et al. Reduced metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 density in major depression determined by [(11)C]ABP688 PET and postmortem study. Am J Psychiatry 2011; 168: 727–734.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Hefti K, Holst SC, Sovago J, Bachmann V, Buck A, Ametamey SM et al. Increased metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 availability in human brain after one night without sleep. Biol Psychiatry 2013; 73: 161–168.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Elmenhorst D, Minuzzi L, Aliaga A, Rowley J, Massarweh G, Diksic M et al. In vivo and in vitro validation of reference tissue models for the mGluR(5) ligand [(11)C]ABP688. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2010; 30: 1538–1549.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang AG, Buchner A . G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Meth 2007; 39: 175–191.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. DeLorenzo C, Kumar JS, Mann JJ, Parsey RV . In vivo variation in metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 binding using positron emission tomography and [11C]ABP688. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2011; 31: 2169–2180.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Gainetdinov RR, Premont RT, Bohn LM, Lefkowitz RJ, Caron MG . Desensitization of G protein-coupled receptors and neuronal functions. Annu Rev Neurosci 2004; 27: 107–144.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Dhami GK, Ferguson SS . Regulation of metabotropic glutamate receptor signaling, desensitization and endocytosis. Pharmacol Ther 2006; 111: 260–271.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Fourgeaud L, Bessis AS, Rossignol F, Pin JP, Olivo-Marin JC, Hemar A . The metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR5 is endocytosed by a clathrin-independent pathway. J Biol Chem 2003; 278: 12222–12230.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Trivedi RR, Bhattacharyya S . Constitutive internalization and recycling of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 427: 185–190.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Kenny PJ, Markou A . The ups and downs of addiction: role of metabotropic glutamate receptors. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2004; 25: 265–272.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Baker DA, McFarland K, Lake RW, Shen H, Tang XC, Toda S et al. Neuroadaptations in cystine-glutamate exchange underlie cocaine relapse. Nat Neurosci 2003; 6: 743–749.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Kalivas PW, Brady K . Getting to the core of addiction: hatching the addiction egg. Nat Med 2012; 18: 502–503.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Madayag A, Lobner D, Kau KS, Mantsch JR, Abdulhameed O, Hearing M et al. Repeated N-acetylcysteine administration alters plasticity-dependent effects of cocaine. J Neurosci 2007; 27: 13968–13976.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Miguens M, Del Olmo N, Higuera-Matas A, Torres I, Garcia-Lecumberri C, Ambrosio E . Glutamate and aspartate levels in the nucleus accumbens during cocaine self-administration and extinction: a time course microdialysis study. Psychopharmacology 2008; 196: 303–313.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Kalivas PW, Volkow ND . New medications for drug addiction hiding in glutamatergic neuroplasticity. Mol Psychiatry 2011; 16: 974–986.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Bierut LJ, Rice JP, Goate A, Hinrichs AL, Saccone NL, Foroud T et al. A genomic scan for habitual smoking in families of alcoholics: common and specific genetic factors in substance dependence. Am J Med Genet A 2004; 124A: 19–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Stoker AK, Olivier B, Markou A . Involvement of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 in brain reward deficits associated with cocaine and nicotine withdrawal and somatic signs of nicotine withdrawal. Psychopharmacology 2012; 221: 317–327.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Schmidt K, Krishnan B, Xia Y, Sun A, Orozco-Cabal L, Pollandt S et al. Cocaine withdrawal reduces group I mGluR-mediated long-term potentiation via decreased GABAergic transmission in the amygdala. Eur J Neurosci 2011; 34: 177–189.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Mansvelder HD, McGehee DS . Cellular and synaptic mechanisms of nicotine addiction. J Neurobiol 2002; 53: 606–617.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Telang FW, Volkow ND, Levy A, Logan J, Fowler JS, Felder C et al. Distribution of tracer levels of cocaine in the human brain as assessed with averaged [11C]cocaine images. Synapse 1999; 31: 290–296.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Patel S, Hamill TG, Connolly B, Jagoda E, Li W, Gibson RE . Species differences in mGluR5 binding sites in mammalian central nervous system determined using in vitro binding with [18F]F-PEB. Nucl Med Biol 2007; 34: 1009–1017.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Barret O, Tamagnan G, Batis J, Jennings D, Zubal G, Russell D et al. Quantitation of glutamate mGluR5 receptor with 18F-FPEB PET in humans. J Nucl Med 2010; 51 (Supplement 2): 215.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Hamill TG, Krause S, Ryan C, Bonnefous C, Govek S, Seiders TJ et al. Synthesis, characterization, and first successful monkey imaging studies of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGluR5) PET radiotracers. Synapse 2005; 56: 205–216.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We would like to acknowledge Josephine Trinckauf, Verena Weichselbaumer and Marlena Hofbauer from the Division of Nuclear Medicine of the University Hospital Zurich for their assistance with data acquisition. Moreover, we thank Franziska Minder, Stephanie Turin and Valery Rohrbach for excellent study support. This study was supported by grants from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF; grant No. PP00P1-123516/1) and the Novartis Foundation for Medical Biological Research (11B51).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Experimental and Clinical Pharmacopsychology, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

    L M Hulka, K H Preller, M Vonmoos & B B Quednow

  2. Division of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

    V Treyer & A Buck

  3. Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

    M Scheidegger & E Seifritz

  4. Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

    M Scheidegger

  5. Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

    M R Baumgartner

  6. Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

    A Johayem & S M Ametamey

  7. Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

    S M Ametamey, A Buck, E Seifritz & B B Quednow

Authors
  1. L M Hulka
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. V Treyer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. M Scheidegger
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. K H Preller
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. M Vonmoos
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. M R Baumgartner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. A Johayem
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. S M Ametamey
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. A Buck
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. E Seifritz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. B B Quednow
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to L M Hulka.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Supplementary Information accompanies the paper on the Molecular Psychiatry website

Supplementary information

PowerPoint slides

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Hulka, L., Treyer, V., Scheidegger, M. et al. Smoking but not cocaine use is associated with lower cerebral metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 density in humans. Mol Psychiatry 19, 625–632 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2013.51

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2013.51

Keywords

This article is cited by

Search

Advanced search

Quick links