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  • Review Article
  • Published:

Role of TLRs and DAMPs in allograft inflammation and transplant outcomes

Nature Reviews Nephrology volume 12, pages 281–290 (2016)Cite this article

Subjects

Key Points

  • Sterile inflammation occurs in organs after their surgical removal and implantation into a recipient

  • Inflammation that occurs after solid organ transplantation can precipitate acute allograft rejection, impede transplant tolerance and enhance the development of chronic allograft rejection

  • Experimental and clinical studies have shown that several endogenous substances, also known as damage associated molecular patterns contribute to both acute and chronic allograft rejection

  • Toll-like receptors, which are among the best characterized innate immune receptors, induce inflammation and impair outcomes after solid organ transplantation

  • Clinical studies are investigating strategies to inhibit innate immune responses after organ transplantation; approaches to reduce inflammation without compromising host defence to pathogens would substantially improve outcomes for transplant recipients

Abstract

Graft inflammation impairs the induction of solid organ transplant tolerance and enhances acute and chronic rejection. Elucidating the mechanisms by which inflammation is induced after organ transplantation could lead to novel therapeutics to improve transplant outcomes. In this Review we describe endogenous substances — damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) — that are released after allograft reperfusion and induce inflammation. We also describe innate immune signalling pathways that are activated after solid organ transplantation, with a focus on Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and their signal adaptor, MYD88. Experimental and clinical studies have yielded a large body of evidence that TLRs and MYD88 are instrumental in initiating allograft inflammation and promoting the development of acute and chronic rejection. Ongoing clinical studies are testing TLR inhibition strategies in solid organ transplantation, although avoiding compromising host defence to pathogens is a key challenge. Further elucidation of the mechanisms by which sterile inflammation is induced, maintained and amplified within the allograft has the potential to lead to novel anti-inflammatory treatments that could improve outcomes for solid organ transplant recipients.

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Figure 1: Inflammation initiation and maintenance after organ transplantation.

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Acknowledgements

D.R.G.'s work is supported by NIH/NIA grant R01AG028082, S.J.C.'s work is supported by NHMRC Project Grant funding and S.B.'s work is supported by the CENTAURE foundation, the IHU-Cesti project, the French National Research Agency, and the Nantes Metropole and the Pays de la Loire Region.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, Oeiras, 2780–156, Portugal

    Faouzi Braza

  2. INSERM, UMR 1064, CHU de Nantes, ITUN, 30 Bd Jean Monnet, Nantes, F-44093, France

    Sophie Brouard

  3. Renal Medicine and Transplantation, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Missenden Road Camperdown, Sydney, 2050, NSW, Australia

    Steve Chadban

  4. Kidney Node, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Missenden Road, Camperdown, 2093, NSW, Australia

    Steve Chadban

  5. Department of Internal Medicine, 333 Cedar St, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, 06525, Connecticut, USA

    Daniel R. Goldstein

  6. Department of Immunobiology, 300 Cedar St, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, 06525, Connecticut, USA

    Daniel R. Goldstein

Authors
  1. Faouzi Braza
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  2. Sophie Brouard
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  3. Steve Chadban
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  4. Daniel R. Goldstein
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Contributions

All authors researched the data, discussed the content, wrote the article, and reviewed and edited the manuscript before submission.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Daniel R. Goldstein.

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Competing interests

The authors declare no competing financial interests.

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Glossary

Sterile inflammation

Inflammation that occurs following the necrosis- mediated release of activators of inflammation in medical conditions such as ischaemia–reperfusion injury, crystalline-induced arthritis, acute lung injury and chronic inflammatory conditions, without an identifiable infectious precipitant.

Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome

A manifestation of chronic allograft rejection characterized by a decline in pulmonary function that affects more than half of lung recipients 5 years after transplantation and accounts for a considerable proportion of lung allograft losses and recipient deaths.

Operationally tolerant recipients

Subgroup of patients who spontaneously tolerate their graft and maintain allograft function without the use of immunosuppressants for at least 1 year, in the absence of deleterious responses.

Restrictive allograft syndrome

Newly described phenotype of chronic lung allograft dysfunction characterized by a persistentdecline in vital and total lung capacities and allograft parenchymal fibrosis.

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Braza, F., Brouard, S., Chadban, S. et al. Role of TLRs and DAMPs in allograft inflammation and transplant outcomes. Nat Rev Nephrol 12, 281–290 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneph.2016.41

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneph.2016.41

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