Abstract
With recent advances in molecular medicine and disease treatment in osteoporosis, quantitative image processing of three-dimensional bone structures is critical in the context of bone quality assessment. Biomedical imaging technology such as MRI or CT is readily available, but few attempts have been made to expand the capabilities of these systems by integrating quantitative analysis tools and by exploring structure–function relationships in a hierarchical fashion. Nevertheless, such quantitative end points are an important factor for success in basic research and in the development of novel therapeutic strategies. CT is key to these developments, as it images and quantifies bone in three dimensions and provides multiscale biological imaging capabilities with isotropic resolutions of a few millimeters (clinical CT), a few tens of micrometers (microCT) and even as high as 100 nanometers (nanoCT). The technology enables the assessment of the relationship between microstructural and ultrastructural measures of bone quality and certain diseases or therapies. This Review focuses on presenting strategies for three-dimensional approaches to hierarchical biomechanical imaging in the study of microstructural and ultrastructural bone failure. From this Review, it can be concluded that biomechanical imaging is extremely valuable for the study of bone failure mechanisms at different hierarchical levels.
Key Points
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Over the last decade, microCT has been established as a quantitative microscope, especially for the assessment of hard tissues
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MicroCT is fast, reliable and yields accurate and precise morphometric indices that are used for the diagnosis of disease and the monitoring of treatment regimens in both preclinical and clinical research
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Biomechanical imaging (i.e. the combination of time-lapsed microCT imaging and concomitant mechanical testing) enables the study of bone failure initiation and propagation in a hierarchical fashion
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Synchrotron radiation and advanced desktop nanoCT systems facilitate exploring the bone ultrastructure with submicrometer resolutions, enabling static quantitative morphometry of cortical bone canals and cell lacunae as well as biomechanical imaging of microcrack initiation and propagation
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Acknowledgements
The author would like to acknowledge support from the Swiss National Science Foundation. Special thanks to Drs. T. Kohler, T. L. Mueller, P. Schneider, G. H. van Lenthe and R. Voide for generously providing images.
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Müller, R. Hierarchical microimaging of bone structure and function. Nat Rev Rheumatol 5, 373–381 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrrheum.2009.107
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrrheum.2009.107
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