Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

  • Review
  • Published:

Conjugated linoleic acid and obesity control: efficacy and mechanisms

International Journal of Obesity volume 28, pages 941–955 (2004)Cite this article

Abstract

Obesity is associated with high blood cholesterol and high risk for developing diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, management of body weight and obesity are increasingly considered as an important approach to maintaining healthy cholesterol profiles and reducing cardiovascular risk. The present review addresses the effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on fat deposition, body weight and composition, safety, as well as mechanisms involved in animals and humans. Animal studies have shown promising effects of CLA on body weight and fat deposition. The majority of the animal studies have been conducted using CLA mixtures that contained approximately equal amounts of trans-10, cis-12 (t10c12) and cis-9, trans-11 (c9t11) isomers. Results of a few studies in mice fed CLA mixtures with different ratios of c9t11 and t10c12 isomers have indicated that the t10c12 isomer CLA may be the active form of CLA affecting weight gain and fat deposition. Inductions of leptin reduction and insulin resistance are the adverse effects of CLA observed in only mice. In pigs, the effects of CLA on weight gain and fat deposition are inconsistent, and no adverse effects of CLA have been reported. A number of human studies suggest that CLA supplementation has no effect on body weight and insulin sensitivity. Although it is suggested that the t10c12 CLA is the antiadipogenic isomer of CLA in humans, the effects of CLA on fat deposition are marginal and more equivocal as compared to results observed in animal studies. Mechanisms through which CLA reduces body weight and fat deposition remain to be fully understood. Proposed antiobesity mechanisms of CLA include decreased energy/food intake and increased energy expenditure, decreased preadipocyte differentiation and proliferation, decreased lipogenesis, and increased lipolysis and fat oxidation. In summary, CLA reduces weight gain and fat deposition in rodents, while produces less significant and inconsistent effects on body weight and composition in pigs and humans. New studies are required to examine isomer-specific effects and mechanisms of CLA in animals and humans using purified individual CLA isomers.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Buy this article

  • Purchase on Springer Link
  • Instant access to full article PDF
Buy now

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Figure 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Griinari JM, Corl BA, Lacy SH, Chouinard PY, Nurmela KV, Bauman DE . Conjugated linoleic acid is synthesized endogenously in lactating dairy cows by Delta(9)-desaturase. J Nutr 2000; 130: 2285–2291.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Chin SF, Liu W, Storkson JM, Ha YL, Pariza MW . Dietary sources of conjugated dienoic isomers of linoleic acid, a newly recognized class of anticarcinogens. J Food Comp Anal 1992; 5: 185–197.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Lin H, Boylston TD, Chang MJ, Luedecke LO, Schultz TD . Survey of the conjugated linoleic acid contents in dairy products. J Dairy Sci 1995; 78: 2358–2365.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Kepler CR, Hirons KP, McNeill JJ, Tove SB . Intermediates and products of the biohydrogenation of linoleic acid by Butyrinvibrio fibrisolvens. J Biol Chem 1966; 241: 1350–1354.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Ip C, Singh M, Thompson HJ, Scimeca JA . Conjugated linoleic acid suppresses mammary carcinogenesis and proliferative activity of the mammary gland in the rat. Cancer Res 1994; 54: 1212–1215.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Ha YL, Grimm NK, Pariza MW . Anticarcinogens from fried ground beef: heat-altered derivatives of linoleic acid. Carcinogenesis 1987; 8: 1881–1887.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Ha YL, Storkson J, Pariza MW . Inhibition of benzo(a)pyrene-induced mouse forestomach neoplasia by conjugated dienoic derivatives of linoleic acid. Cancer Res 1990; 50: 1097–1101.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Lee KN, Kritchevsky D, Pariza MW . Conjugated linoleic acid and atherosclerosis in rabbits. Atherosclerosis 1994; 108: 19–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Miller C, Park Y, Pariza M, Cook M . Feeding conjugated linoleic acid to animals partially overcomes catabolic responses due to endotoxin injection. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1994; 198: 1107–1112.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Park Y, Albright KJ, Liu W, Storkson JM, Cook ME, Pariza MW . Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on body composition in mice. Lipids 1997; 32: 853–858.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. West DB, Delany JP, Camet PM, Blohm F, Truett AA, Scimeca J . Effects of conjugated linoleic acid on body fat and energy metabolism in the mouse. Am J Physiol 1998; 275: R667–R672.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. West DB, Blohm FY, Truett AA, DeLany JP . Conjugated linoleic acid persistently increases total energy expenditure in AKR/J mice without increasing uncoupling protein gene expression. J Nutr 2000; 130: 2471–2477.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Park Y, Storkson JM, Albright KJ, Liu W, Pariza MW . Evidence that the trans-10, cis-12 isomer of conjugated linoleic acid induces body composition changes in mice. Lipids 1999; 34: 235–241.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. de Deckere EA, van Amelsvoort JM, McNeill GP, Jones P . Effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers on lipid levels and peroxisome proliferation in the hamster. Br J Nutr 1999; 82: 309–317.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. DeLany JP, Blohm F, Truett AA, Scimeca JA, West DB . Conjugated linoleic acid rapidly reduces body fat content in mice without affecting energy intake. Am J Physiol 1999; 276: R1172–R1179.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Ostrowska E, Muralitharan M, Cross RF, Bauman DE, Dunshea FR . Dietary conjugated linoleic acids increase lean tissue and decrease fat deposition in growing pigs. J Nutr 1999; 129: 2037–2042.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. MacDonald HB . Conjugated linoleic acid and disease prevention: a review of current knowledge. J Am Coll Nutr 2000; 19: 111S–118S.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Pariza MW, Park Y, Cook ME . The biologically active isomers of conjugated linoleic acid. Prog Lipid Res 2001; 40: 283–298.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Whigham LD, Cook ME, Atkinson RL . Conjugated linoleic acid: implications for human health. Pharmacol Res 2000; 42: 503–510.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Tsuboyama-Kasaoka N, Takahashi M, Tanemura K, Kim HJ, Tange T, Okuyama H, Kasai M, Ikemoto S, Ezaki O . Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation reduces adipose tissue by apoptosis and develops lipodystrophy in mice. Diabetes 2000; 49: 1534–1542.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Ryder JW, Portocarrero CP, Song XM, Cui L, Yu M, Combatsiaris T, Galuska D, Bauman DE, Barbano DM, Charron MJ, Zierath JR, Houseknecht KL . Isomer-specific antidiabetic properties of conjugated linoleic acid. Improved glucose tolerance, skeletal muscle insulin action, and UCP-2 gene expression. Diabetes 2001; 50: 1149–1157.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Sisk MB, Hausman DB, Martin RJ, Azain MJ . Dietary conjugated linoleic acid reduces adiposity in lean but not obese Zucker rats. J Nutr 2001; 131: 1668–1674.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Terpstra AH, Beynen AC, Everts H, Kocsis S, Katan MB, Zock PL . The decrease in body fat in mice fed conjugated linoleic acid is due to increases in energy expenditure and energy loss in the excreta. J Nutr 2002; 132: 940–945.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Yamasaki M, Ikeda A, Oji M, Tanaka Y, Hirao A, Kasai M, Iwata T, Tachibana H, Yamada K . Modulation of body fat and serum leptin levels by dietary conjugated linoleic acid in Sprague–Dawley rats fed various fat-level diets. Nutrition 2003; 19: 30–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Ip MM, Masso-Welch PA, Shoemaker SF, Shea-Eaton WK, Ip C . Conjugated linoleic acid inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of normal rat mammary epithelial cells in primary culture. Exp Cell Res 1999; 250: 22–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Pariza MW, Park Y, Cook ME . Conjugated linoleic acid and the control of cancer and obesity. Toxicol Sci 1999; 52: 107–110.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Blankson H, Stakkestad JA, Fagertun H, Thom E, Wadstein J, Gudmundsen O . Conjugated linoleic acid reduces body fat mass in overweight and obese humans. J Nutr 2000; 130: 2943–2948.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Riserus U, Berglund L, Vessby B . Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) reduced abdominal adipose tissue in obese middle-aged men with signs of the metabolic syndrome: a randomised controlled trial. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001; 25: 1129–1135.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Smedman A, Vessby B . Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation in humans-metabolic effects. Lipids 2001; 36: 773–781.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Brown JM, Boysen MS, Jensen SS, Morrison RF, Storkson J, Lea-Currie R, Pariza M, Mandrup S, McIntosh MK . Isomer-specific regulation of metabolism and PPARgamma signaling by CLA in human preadipocytes. J Lipid Res 2003; 44: 1287–1300.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Riserus U, Arner P, Brismar K, Vessby B . Treatment with dietary trans-10 cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid causes isomer-specific insulin resistance in obese men with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care 2002; 25: 1516–1521.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Thiel-Cooper RL, Parrish Jr FC, Sparks JC, Wiegand BR, Ewan RC . Conjugated linoleic acid changes swine performance and carcass composition. J Anim Sci 2001; 79: 1821–1828.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Bee G . Dietary conjugated linoleic acid consumption during pregnancy and lactation influences growth and tissue composition in weaned pigs. J Nutr 2000; 130: 2981–2989.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. O'Quinn PR, Nelssen JL, Goodband RD, Unruh JA, Woodworth JC, Smith JS, Tokach MD . Effects of modified tall oil versus a commercial source of conjugated linoleic acid and increasing levels of modified tall oil on growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs. J Anim Sci 2000; 78: 2359–2368.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Tischendorf F, Schone F, Kirchheim U, Jahreis G . Influence of a conjugated linoleic acid mixture on growth, organ weights, carcass traits and meat quality in growing pigs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2002; 86: 117–128.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Wiegand BR, Sparks JC, Parrish Jr FC, Zimmerman DR . Duration of feeding conjugated linoleic acid influences growth performance, carcass traits, and meat quality of finishing barrows. J Anim Sci 2002; 80: 637–643.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Takahashi Y, Kushiro M, Shinohara K, Ide T . Dietary conjugated linoleic acid reduces body fat mass and affects gene expression of proteins regulating energy metabolism in mice. Comp Biochem Physiol B 2002; 133: 395–404.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Roche HM, Noone E, Sewter C, Mc Bennett S, Savage D, Gibney MJ, O'Rahilly S, Vidal-Puig AJ . Isomer-dependent metabolic effects of conjugated linoleic acid: insights from molecular markers sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c and LXRalpha. Diabetes 2002; 51: 2037–2044.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Ostrowska E, Suster D, Muralitharan M, Cross RF, Leury BJ, Bauman DE, Dunshea FR . Conjugated linoleic acid decreases fat accretion in pigs: evaluation by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Br J Nutr 2003; 89: 219–229.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Azain MJ, Hausman DB, Sisk MB, Flatt WP, Jewell DE . Dietary conjugated linoleic acid reduces rat adipose tissue cell size rather than cell number. J Nutr 2000; 130: 1548–1554.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Gatlin LA, See MT, Larick DK, Lin X, Odle J . Conjugated linoleic acid in combination with supplemental dietary fat alters pork fat quality. J Nutr 2002; 132: 3105–3112.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Joo ST, Lee JI, Ha YL, Park GB . Effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid on fatty acid composition, lipid oxidation, color, and water-holding capacity of pork loin. J Anim Sci 2002; 80: 108–112.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Demaree SR, Gilbert CD, Mersmann HJ, Smith SB . Conjugated linoleic acid differentially modifies fatty acid composition in subcellular fractions of muscle and adipose tissue but not adiposity of postweaning pigs. J Nutr 2002; 132: 3272–3279.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Ohnuki K, Haramizu S, Oki K, Ishihara K, Fushiki T . A single oral administration of conjugated linoleic acid enhanced energy metabolism in mice. Lipids 2001; 36: 583–587.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Ricquier D . Neonatal brown adipose tissue, UCP1 and the novel uncoupling proteins. Biochem Soc Trans 1998; 26: 120–123.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Adams SH . Uncoupling protein homologs: emerging views of physiological function. J Nutr 2000; 130: 711–714.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Evans M, Geigerman C, Cook J, Curtis L, Kuebler B, McIntosh M . Conjugated linoleic acid suppresses triglyceride accumulation and induces apoptosis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Lipids 2000; 35: 899–910.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Brown M, Evans M, McIntosh M . Linoleic acid partially restores the triglyceride content of conjugated linoleic acid-treated cultures of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. J Nutr Biochem 2001; 12: 381–387.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Poulos SP, Sisk M, Hausman DB, Azain MJ, Hausman GJ . Pre- and post-natal dietary conjugated linoleic acid alters adipose development, body weight gain and body composition in Sprague–Dawley rats. J Nutr 2001; 131: 2722–2731.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Ntambi JM, Young-Cheul K . Adipocyte differentiation and gene expression. J Nutr 2000; 130: 3122S–3126S.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Cornelius P, MacDougald OA, Lane MD . Regulation of adipocyte development. Annu Rev Nutr 1994; 14: 99–129.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. MacDougald OA, Lane MD . Transcriptional regulation of gene expression during adipocyte differentiation. Annu Rev Biochem 1995; 64: 345–373.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Hwang CS, Loftus TM, Mandrup S, Lane MD . Adipocyte differentiation and leptin expression. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 1997; 13: 231–259.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Ntambi JM . Cellular differentiation and dietary regulation of gene expression. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1995; 52: 117–120.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Umek RM, Friedman AD, McKnight SL . CCAAT-enhancer binding protein: a component of a differentiation switch. Science 1991; 251: 288–292.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Christy RJ, Kaestner KH, Geiman DE, Lane MD . CCAAT/enhancer binding protein gene promoter: binding of nuclear factors during differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88: 2593–2597.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  57. Kang K, Liu W, Albright KJ, Park Y, Pariza MW . Trans-10, cis-12 CLA inhibits differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes and decreases PPAR gamma expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 303: 795–799.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Choi YJ, Kim YC, Han YB, Park Y, Pariza MW, Ntambi JM . The trans-10, cis-12 isomer of conjugated linoleic acid downregulates stearoyl-CoA desaturase gene expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J Nutr 2000; 130: 1920–1924.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Bretillon L, Chardigny JM, Gregoire S, Berdeaux O, Sebedio JL . Effects of conjugated linoleic acid isomers on the hepatic microsomal desaturation activities in vitro. Lipids 1999; 34: 965–969.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Brodie AE, Manning VA, Ferguson KR, Jewell DE, Hu CY . Conjugated linoleic acid inhibits differentiation of pre- and post- confluent 3T3-L1 preadipocytes but inhibits cell proliferation only in preconfluent cells. J Nutr 1999; 129: 602–606.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Satory DL, Smith SB . Conjugated linoleic acid inhibits proliferation but stimulates lipid filling of murine 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. J Nutr 1999; 129: 92–97.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Prins JB, Niesler CU, Winterford CM, Bright NA, Siddle K, O'Rahilly S, Walker NI, Cameron DP . Tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces apoptosis of human adipose cells. Diabetes 1997; 46: 1939–1944.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Semb H, Peterson J, Tavernier J, Olivecrona T . Multiple effects of tumor necrosis factor on lipoprotein lipase in vivo. J Biol Chem 1987; 262: 8390–8394.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Pekala PH, Kawakami M, Angus CW, Lane MD, Cerami A . Selective inhibition of synthesis of enzymes for de novo fatty acid biosynthesis by an endotoxin-induced mediator from exudate cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1983; 80: 2743–2747.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  65. Akahoshi A, Goto Y, Murao K, Miyazaki T, Yamasaki M, Nonaka M, Yamada K, Sugano M . Conjugated linoleic acid reduces body fats and cytokine levels of mice. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2002; 66: 916–920.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Lee KN, Storkson JM, Pariza MW . Dietary conjugated linoleic acid changes fatty acid composition in different tissues by decreasing monounsaturated fatty acids. IFT Annual Meeting: Book of Abstracts; 1995. p. 183.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Kasturi R, Joshi VC . Hormonal regulation of stearoyl coenzyme A desaturase activity and lipogenesis during adipose conversion of 3T3-L1 cells. J Biol Chem 1982; 257: 12224–12230.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Field CJ, Ryan EA, Thomson AB, Clandinin MT . Diet fat composition alters membrane phospholipid composition, insulin binding, and glucose metabolism in adipocytes from control and diabetic animals. J Biol Chem 1990; 265: 11143–11150.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Storlien LH, Jenkins AB, Chisholm DJ, Pascoe WS, Khouri S, Kraegen EW . Influence of dietary fat composition on development of insulin resistance in rats. Relationship to muscle triglyceride and omega-3 fatty acids in muscle phospholipid. Diabetes 1991; 40: 280–289.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Jones BH, Maher MA, Banz WJ, Zemel MB, Whelan J, Smith PJ, Moustaid N . Adipose tissue stearoyl-CoA desaturase mRNA is increased by obesity and decreased by polyunsaturated fatty acids. Am J Physiol 1996; 271: E44–E49.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Park Y, Storkson JM, Ntambi JM, Cook ME, Sih CJ, Pariza MW . Inhibition of hepatic stearoyl-CoA desaturase activity by trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid and its derivatives. Biochim Biophys Acta 2000; 1486: 285–292.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Sakai J, Duncan EA, Rawson RB, Hua X, Brown MS, Goldstein JL . Sterol-regulated release of SREBP-2 from cell membranes requires two sequential cleavages, one within a transmembrane segment. Cell 1996; 85: 1037–1046.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Park Y, Pariza MW . The effects of dietary conjugated nonadecadienoic acid on body composition in mice. Biochim Biophys Acta 2001; 1533: 171–174.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Park Y, Pariza MW . Lipoxygenase inhibitors inhibit heparin-releasable lipoprotein lipase activity in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and enhance body fat reduction in mice by conjugated linoleic acid. Biochim Biophys Acta 2001; 1534: 27–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Baumgard LH, Corl BA, Dwyer DA, Saebo A, Bauman DE . Identification of the conjugated linoleic acid isomer that inhibits milk fat synthesis. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2000; 278: R179–R184.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Baumgard LH, Matitashvili E, Corl BA, Dwyer DA, Bauman DE . Trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid decreases lipogenic rates and expression of genes involved in milk lipid synthesis in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2002; 85: 2155–2163.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Loor JJ, Herbein JH . Exogenous conjugated linoleic acid isomers reduce bovine milk fat concentration and yield by inhibiting de novo fatty acid synthesis. J Nutr 1998; 128: 2411–2419.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Evans M, Park Y, Pariza M, Curtis L, Kuebler B, McIntosh M . Trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid reduces triglyceride content while differentially affecting peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma2 and aP2 expression in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Lipids 2001; 36: 1223–1232.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Evans M, Brown J, McIntosh M . Isomer-specific effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on adiposity and lipid metabolism. J Nutr Biochem 2002; 13: 508–516.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Brown JM, Halvorsen YD, Lea-Currie YR, Geigerman C, McIntosh M . Trans-10, cis-12, but not cis-9, trans-11, conjugated linoleic acid attenuates lipogenesis in primary cultures of stromal vascular cells from human adipose tissue. J Nutr 2001; 131: 2316–2321.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Kahn BB . Lilly lecture 1995. Glucose transport: pivotal step in insulin action. Diabetes 1996; 45: 1644–1654.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Sergiel JP, Chardigny JM, Sebedio JL, Berdeaux O, Juaneda P, Loreau O, Pasquis B, Noel JP . Beta-oxidation of conjugated linoleic acid isomers and linoleic acid in rats. Lipids 2001; 36: 1327–1329.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Sakono M, Miyanaga F, Kawahara S, Yamauchi K, Fukuda N, Watanabe K, Iwata T, Sugano M . Dietary conjugated linoleic acid reciprocally modifies ketogenesis and lipid secretion by the rat liver. Lipids 1999; 34: 997–1000.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Evans M, Lin X, Odle J, McIntosh M . Trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid increases fatty acid oxidation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. J Nutr 2002; 132: 450–455.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Martin JC, Gregoire S, Siess MH, Genty M, Chardigny JM, Berdeaux O, Juaneda P, Sebedio JL . Effects of conjugated linoleic acid isomers on lipid-metabolizing enzymes in male rats. Lipids 2000; 35: 91–98.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Tugwood JD, Issemann I, Anderson RG, Bundell KR, McPheat WL, Green S . The mouse peroxisome proliferator activated receptor recognizes a response element in the 5′ flanking sequence of the rat acyl CoA oxidase gene. EMBO J 1992; 11: 433–439.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  87. Aldridge TC, Tugwood JD, Green S . Identification and characterization of DNA elements implicated in the regulation of CYP4A1 transcription. Biochem J 1995; 306: 473–479.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  88. Vanden Heuvel JP, Sterchele PF, Nesbit DJ, Peterson RE . Coordinate induction of acyl-CoA binding protein, fatty acid binding protein and peroxisomal beta-oxidation by peroxisome proliferators. Biochim Biophys Acta 1993; 1177: 183–190.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Moya-Camarena SY, Vanden Heuvel JP, Belury MA . Conjugated linoleic acid activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α and β subtypes but does not induce hepatic peroxisome proliferation in Sprague–Dawley rats. Biochim Biophys Acta 1999; 1436: 331–342.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Belury M, Moya-Camarena SY, Liu K-L, Vanden Heuvel JP . Dietary conjugated linoleic acid induces peroxisome-specific enzyme accumulation and ornithine decarboxylase activity in mouse liver. J Nutr Biochem 1997; 8: 579–584.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Takahashi Y, Kushiro M, Shinohara K, Ide T . Activity and mRNA levels of enzymes involved in hepatic fatty acid synthesis and oxidation in mice fed conjugated linoleic acid. Biochim Biophys Acta 2003; 1631: 265–273.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Kelly GS . Conjugated linoleic acid: a review. Alternative Med Rev 2001; 6: 367–382.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Rahman SM, Wang Y, Yotsumoto H, Cha J, Han S, Inoue S, Yanagita T . Effects of conjugated linoleic acid on serum leptin concentration, body-fat accumulation, and beta-oxidation of fatty acid in OLETF rats. Nutrition 2001; 17: 385–390.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Koba K, Akahoshi A, Yamasaki M, Tanaka K, Yamada K, Iwata T, Kamegai T, Tsutsumi K, Sugano M . Dietary conjugated linolenic acid in relation to CLA differently modifies body fat mass and serum and liver lipid levels in rats. Lipids 2002; 37: 343–350.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Kamohara S, Burcelin R, Halaas JL, Friedman JM, Charron MJ . Acute stimulation of glucose metabolism in mice by leptin treatment. Nature 1997; 389: 374–377.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Cusin I, Zakrzewska KE, Boss O, Muzzin P, Giacobino JP, Ricquier D, Jeanrenaud B, Rohner-Jeanrenaud F . Chronic central leptin infusion enhances insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism and favors the expression of uncoupling proteins. Diabetes 1998; 47: 1014–1019.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Gopaul NK, Manraj MD, Hebe A, Lee Kwai Yan S, Johnston A, Carrier MJ, Anggard EE . Oxidative stress could precede endothelial dysfunction and insulin resistance in Indian Mauritians with impaired glucose metabolism. Diabetologia 2001; 44: 706–712.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Takahashi Y, Kushiro M, Shinohara K, Ide T . Activity and mRNA levels of enzymes involved in hepatic fatty acid synthesis and oxidation in mice fed conjugated linoleic acid. Biochim Biophys Acta 2003; 1631: 265–273.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Clement L, Poirier H, Niot I, Bocher V, Guerre-Millo M, Krief S, Staels B, Besnard P . Dietary trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid induces hyperinsulinemia and fatty liver in the mouse. J Lipid Res 2002; 43: 1400–1409.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Schoonjans K, Peinado-Onsurbe J, Lefebvre A-M, Heyman RA, Briggs M, Deeb S, Staels B, Auwerx J . PPARα and PPARγ activators direct a distinct tissue-specific transcriptional response via a PPRE in the lipoprotein lipase gene. EMBO J 1996; 15: 5336–5348.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  101. Peters JM, Park Y, Gonzalez FJ, Pariza MW . Influence of conjugated linoleic acid on body composition and target gene expression in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha-null mice. Biochim Biophys Acta 2001; 1533: 233–242.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Moya-Camarena SY, Vanden Heuvel JP, Blanchard SG, Leesnitzer LA, Belury MA . Conjugated linoleic acid is a potent naturally occurring ligand and activator of PPARalpha. J Lipid Res 1999; 40: 1426–1433.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Boelsterli UA, Bedoucha M . Toxicological consequences of altered peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) expression in the liver: insights from models of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Biochem Pharmacol 2002; 63: 1–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Peet J, Janowski BA, Mangelsdorf DJ . The LXRs: a new class of oxysterol receptors. Curr Opin Genet Dev 1998; 8: 571–575.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Shimano H . Sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 as a dominant transcription factor for gene regulation of lipogenic enzymes in the liver. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2000; 10: 275–278.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Poirier H, Niot I, Monnot MC, Braissant O, Meunier-Durmort C, Costet P, Pineau T, Wahli W, Willson TM, Besnard P . Differential involvement of peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptors alpha and delta in fibrate and fatty-acid-mediated inductions of the gene encoding liver fatty-acid-binding protein in the liver and the small intestine. Biochem J 2001; 355: 481–488.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  107. Yoshikawa T, Shimano H, Yahagi N, Ide T, Amemiya-Kudo M, Matsuzaka T, Nakakuki M, Tomita S, Okazaki H, Tamura Y, Iizuka Y, Ohashi K, Takahashi A, Sone H, Osuga Ji J, Gotoda T, Ishibashi S, Yamada N . Polyunsaturated fatty acids suppress sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c promoter activity by inhibition of liver X receptor (LXR) binding to LXR response elements. J Biol Chem 2002; 277: 1705–1711.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Shimano H, Horton JD, Hammer RE, Shimomura I, Brown MS, Goldstein JL . Overproduction of cholesterol and fatty acids causes massive liver enlargement in transgenic mice expressing truncated SREBP-1a. J Clin Invest 1996; 98: 1575–1584.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  109. Shultz TD, Chew BP, Seaman WR . Differential stimulatory and inhibitory responses of human MCF-7 breast cancer cells to linoleic acid and conjugated linoleic acid in culture. Anticancer Res 1992; 12: 2143–2145.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Cunningham DC, Harrison LY, Shultz TD . Proliferative responses of normal human mammary and MCF-7 breast cancer cells to linoleic acid, conjugated linoleic acid and eicosanoid synthesis inhibitors in culture. Anticancer Res 1997; 17: 197–203.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Zambell KL, Keim NL, Van Loan MD, Gale B, Benito P, Kelley DS, Nelson GJ . Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation in humans: effects on body composition and energy expenditure. Lipids 2000; 35: 777–782.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Mougios V, Matsakas A, Petridou A, Ring S, Sagredos A, Melissopoulou A, Tsigilis N, Nikolaidis M . Effect of supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid on human serum lipids and body fat. J Nutr Biochem 2001; 12: 585–594.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Thom E, Wadstein J, Gudmundsen O . Conjugated linoleic acid reduces body fat in healthy exercising humans. J Int Med Res 2001; 29: 392–396.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Noone EJ, Roche HM, Nugent AP, Gibney MJ . The effect of dietary supplementation using isomeric blends of conjugated linoleic acid on lipid metabolism in healthy human subjects. Br J Nutr 2002; 88: 243–251.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Basu S, Smedman A, Vessby B . Conjugated linoleic acid induces lipid peroxidation in humans. FEBS Lett 2000; 468: 33–36.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Riserus U, Basu S, Jovinge S, Fredrikson GN, Arnlov J, Vessby B . Supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid causes isomer-dependent oxidative stress and elevated C-reactive protein: a potential link to fatty acid-induced insulin resistance. Circulation 2002; 106: 1925–1929.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Benito P, Nelson GJ, Kelley DS, Bartolini G, Schmidt PC, Simon V . The effect of conjugated linoleic acid on plasma lipoproteins and tissue fatty acid composition in humans. Lipids 2001; 36: 229–236.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Berven G, Bye A, Hals O, Blankson H, Fagertun H, Thom E, Wadstein J . Safety of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in overweight or obese human volunteers. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 2000; 102: 455–462.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Kreider RB, Ferreira MP, Greenwood M, Wilson M, Almada AL . Effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation during resistance training on body composition, bone density, strength, and selected hematological markers. J Strength Cond Res 2002; 16: 325–334.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Kamphuis MM, Lejeune MP, Saris WH, Westerterp-Plantenga MS . The effect of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation after weight loss on body weight regain, body composition, and resting metabolic rate in overweight subjects. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2003; 27: 840–847.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Belury MA, Mahon A, Banni S . The conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomer, t10c12-CLA, is inversely associated with changes in body weight and serum leptin in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Nutr 2003; 133: 257S–260S.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Zambell KL, Horn WF, Keim NL . Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation in humans: effects on fatty acid and glycerol kinetics. Lipids 2001; 36: 767–772.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Ip C, Chin SF, Scimeca JA, Pariza MW . Mammary cancer prevention by conjugated dienoic derivative of linoleic acid. Cancer Res 1991; 51: 6118–6124.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Basu S, Riserus U, Turpeinen A, Vessby B . Conjugated linoleic acid induces lipid peroxidation in men with abdominal obesity. Clin Sci 2000; 99: 511–516.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Smedman A, Vessby B, Basu S . Isomer specific effects of conjugated linoleic acid on lipid peroxidation in humans. Regulation by alpha tocopherol and cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor. Clin Sci (Lond) 2003. (in press).

  126. Medina EA, Horn WF, Keim NL, Havel PJ, Benito P, Kelley DS, Nelson GJ, Erickson KL . Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation in humans: effects on circulating leptin concentrations and appetite. Lipids 2000; 35: 783–788.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We appreciate Katherine Logue and Sudha Venkatramanan for proofreading the manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada

    Y W Wang & P J H Jones

Authors
  1. Y W Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. P J H Jones
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to P J H Jones.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Wang, Y., Jones, P. Conjugated linoleic acid and obesity control: efficacy and mechanisms. Int J Obes 28, 941–955 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0802641

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0802641

Keywords

This article is cited by

Search

Advanced search

Quick links