Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

  • Review
  • Published:

Ultraviolet radiation and cutaneous malignant melanoma

Oncogene volume 22, pages 3099–3112 (2003)Cite this article

Abstract

Recent years have seen a steady rise in the incidence of cutaneous malignant melanoma worldwide. Although it is now appreciated that the key to understanding the process by which melanocytes are transformed into malignant melanoma lies in the interplay between genetic factors and the ultraviolet (UV) spectrum of sunlight, the nature of this relation has remained obscure. Recently, prospects for elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying such gene–environment interactions have brightened considerably through the development of UV-responsive experimental animal models of melanoma. Genetically engineered mice and human skin xenografts constitute novel platforms upon which to build studies designed to elucidate the pathogenesis of UV-induced melanomagenesis. The future refinement of these in vivo models should provide a wealth of information on the cellular and genetic targets of UV, the pathways responsible for the repair of UV-induced DNA damage, and the molecular interactions between melanocytes and other skin cells in response to UV. It is anticipated that exploitation of these model systems will contribute significantly toward the development of effective approaches to the prevention and treatment of melanoma.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Buy this article

  • Purchase on Springer Link
  • Instant access to full article PDF
Buy now

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Figure 1
Figure 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abdel-Malek Z, Suzuki I, Tada A, Im S and Akcali C . (1999). Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 885, 117–133.

  • Abdel-Malek Z, Swope VB, Suzuki I, Akcali C, Harriger MD, Boyce ST, Urabe K and Hearing VJ . (1995). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 92, 1789–1793.

  • Adimoolam S and Ford JM . (2002). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 19, 19.

  • Albino AP . (1992). Pigment Cell Res., (Suppl), 2 199–218.

  • Amstad P, Hussain SP and Cerutti P . (1994). Mol. Carcinog., 10, 181–188.

  • Amundson SA, Do KT, Shahab S, Bittner M, Meltzer P, Trent J and Fornace Jr AJ . (2000). Radiat. Res., 154, 342–346.

  • Amundson SA, Patterson A, Do KT and Fornace Jr AJ . (2002). Cancer Biol. Ther., 1, 145–149.

  • Anders F, Schartl M, Barnekow A and Anders A . (1984). Adv. Cancer Res., 42, 191–275.

  • Ao Y, Park HY, Olaizola-Horn S and Gilchrest BA . (1998). Exp. Cell Res., 244, 117–124.

  • Applegate LA and Ley RD . (1987). Photochem. Photobiol., 45, 241–245.

  • Archambault M, Yaar M and Gilchrest BA . (1995). J. Invest. Dermatol., 104, 859–867.

  • Armstrong BK . (1988). J. Dermatol. Surg. Oncol., 14, 835–849.

  • Armstrong BK and Kricker A . (1994). Cancer Surv., 20, 219–240.

  • Armstrong BK and Kricker A . (1995). Dermatol Clin., 13, 583–594.

  • Armstrong BK, Kricker A and English DR . (1997). Australas. J. Dermatol., 38(Suppl 1), S1–S6.

  • Atillasoy ES, Seykora JT, Soballe PW, Elenitsas R, Nesbit M, Elder DE, Montone KT, Sauter E and Herlyn M . (1998). Am. J. Pathol., 152, 1179–1186.

  • Autier P and Dore JF . (1998). Int. J. Cancer, 77, 533–537.

  • Bardeesy N, Wong KK, DePinho RA and Chin L . (2000). Adv. Cancer Res., 79, 123–156.

  • Barnhill RL and Mihm Jr MC . (1993). Semin. Diagn. Pathol., 10, 47–75.

  • Bastian BC, LeBoit PE, Hamm H, Brocker EB and Pinkel D . (1998). Cancer Res., 58, 2170–2175.

  • Bennett JP and Hall P . (1994). Ann. R. Coll. Surg. Engl., 76, 373–380.

  • Berking C and Herlyn M . (2001). Histol. Histopathol., 16, 669–674.

  • Berking C, Takemoto R, Binder RL, Hartman SM, Ruiter DJ, Gallagher PM, Lessin SR and Herlyn M . (2002). Carcinogenesis, 23, 181–187.

  • Bishop DT, Demenais F, Goldstein AM, Bergman W, Bishop JN, Bressac-de Paillerets B, Chompret A, Ghiorzo P, Gruis N, Hansson J, Harland M, Hayward N, Holland EA, Mann GJ, Mantelli M, Nancarrow D, Platz A and Tucker MA . (2002). J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 94, 894–903.

  • Black HS, deGruijl FR, Forbes PD, Cleaver JE, Ananthaswamy HN, deFabo EC, Ullrich SE and Tyrrell RM . (1997). J. Photochem. Photobiol. B, 40, 29–47.

  • Bolognia J, Murray M and Pawelek J . (1989). J. Invest. Dermatol., 92, 651–656.

  • Box NF, Wyeth JR, O'Gorman LE, Martin NG and Sturm RA . (1997). Hum Mol Genet, 6, 1891–1897.

  • Broome Powell M, Gause PR, Hyman P, Gregus J, Lluria-Prevatt M, Nagle R and Bowden GT . (1999). Carcinogenesis, 20, 1747–1753.

  • Bruls WA, van Weelden H and van der Leun JC . (1984). Photochem. Photobiol., 39, 63–67.

  • Bulavin DV, Higashimoto Y, Popoff IJ, Gaarde WA, Basrur V, Potapova O, Appella E and Fornace Jr AJ . (2001). Nature, 411, 102–107.

  • Busca R, Abbe P, Mantoux F, Aberdam E, Peyssonnaux C, Eychene A, Ortonne JP and Ballotti R . (2000). EMBO J., 19, 2900–2910.

  • Busca R and Ballotti R . (2000). Pigment Cell Res., 13, 60–69.

  • Cadet J, Berger M, Douki T, Morin B, Raoul S, Ravanat JL and Spinelli S . (1997). Biol. Chem., 378, 1275–1286.

  • Campbell C, Quinn AG, Angus B and Rees JL . (1993). Br. J. Dermatol., 129, 235–241.

  • Carrier F, Georgel PT, Pourquier P, Blake M, Kontny HU, Antinore MJ, Gariboldi M, Myers TG, Weinstein JN, Pommier Y and Fornace Jr AJ . (1999). Mol. Cell Biol., 19, 1673–1685.

  • Chakraborty AK, Funasaka Y, Slominski A, Bolognia J, Sodi S, Ichihashi M and Pawelek JM . (1999). Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 885, 100–116.

  • Chakraborty AK, Funasaka Y, Slominski A, Ermak G, Hwang J, Pawelek JM and Ichihashi M . (1996). Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1313, 130–138.

  • Chakraborty A, Slominski A, Ermak G, Hwang J and Pawelek J . (1995). J. Invest. Dermatol., 105, 655–659.

  • Chan TA, Hermeking H, Lengauer C, Kinzler KW and Vogelstein B . (1999). Nature, 401, 616–620.

  • Chhajlani V and Wikberg JE . (1992). FEBS Lett., 309, 417–420.

  • Chin L, Merlino G and DePinho RA . (1998). Genes Dev., 12, 3467–3481.

  • Cleaver JE and Crowley E . (2002). Front. Biosci., 7, d1024–d1043.

  • Comoglio PM and Boccaccio C . (2001). Semin. Cancer Biol., 11, 153–165.

  • Davies H, Bignell GR, Cox C, Stephens P, Edkins S, Clegg S, Teague J, Woffendin H, Garnett MJ, Bottomley W, Davis N, Dicks E, Ewing R, Floyd Y, Gray K, Hall S, Hawes R, Hughes J, Kosmidou V, Menzies A, Mould C, Parker A, Stevens C, Watt S, Hooper S, Wilson R, Jayatilake H, Gusterson BA, Cooper C, Shipley J, Hargrave D, Pritchard-Jones K, Maitland N, Chenevix-Trench G, Riggins GJ, Bigner DD, Palmieri G, Cossu A, Flanagan A, Nicholson A, Ho JW, Leung SY, Yuen ST, Weber BL, Seigler HF, Darrow TL, Paterson H, Marais R, Marshall CJ, Wooster R, Stratton MR and Futreal PA . (2002). Nature, 417, 949–954.

  • de Gruijl FR . (1999). Eur. J. Cancer, 35, 2003–2009.

  • Decraene D, Agostinis P, Pupe A, de Haes P and Garmyn M . (2001). J. Photochem. Photobiol. B, 63, 78–83.

  • Devary Y, Gottlieb RA, Smeal T and Karin M . (1992). Cell, 71, 1081–1091.

  • Elder DE . (1987). Pathobiology of Malignant Melanoma. Karger, Basel: New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elwood JM and Jopson J . (1997). Int. J. Cancer, 73, 198–203.

  • Epstein JH, Epstein WL and Nakai T . (1967). J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 38, 19–30.

  • Evans RD, Kopf AW, Lew RA, Rigel DS, Bart RS, Friedman RJ and Rivers JK . (1988). J. Dermatol. Surg. Oncol., 14, 393–408.

  • Ford JM and Hanawalt PC . (1995). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 92, 8876–8880.

  • Funasaka Y, Chakraborty AK, Hayashi Y, Komoto M, Ohashi A, Nagahama M, Inoue Y, Pawelek J and Ichihashi M . (1998). Br. J. Dermatol., 139, 216–224.

  • Gabrielli BG, Clark JM, McCormack AK and Ellem KA . (1997). Oncogene, 15, 749–758.

  • Garbe C, Buttner P, Weiss J, Soyer HP, Stocker U, Kruger S, Roser M, Weckbecker J, Panizzon R, Bahmer F and et al. (1994). J. Invest. Dermatol., 102, 695–699.

  • Gause PR, Lluria-Prevatt M, Keith 0WN, Balmain A, Linardopolous S, Warneke J and Powell MB . (1997). Mol. Carcinog., 20, 78–87.

  • Gilchrest BA and Eller MS . (1999). J. Invest. Dermatol. Symp. Proc., 4, 35–40.

  • Gilchrest BA, Eller MS, Geller AC and Yaar M . (1999). N. Engl. J. Med., 340, 1341–1348.

  • Goldstein AM and Tucker MA . (2001). Arch. Dermatol., 137, 1493–1496.

  • Gross S, Knebel A, Tenev T, Neininger A, Gaestel M, Herrlich P and Bohmer FD . (1999). J. Biol. Chem., 274, 26378–26386.

  • Halaban R . (1996). Semin. Oncol., 23, 673–681.

  • Haluska FG and Hodi FS . (1998). J. Clin. Oncol., 16, 670–682.

  • Healy E, Flannagan N, Ray A, Todd C, Jackson IJ, Matthews JN, Birch-Machin MA and Rees JL . (2000). Lancet, 355, 1072–1073.

  • Hearing VJ . (1999). J. Invest. Dermatol. Symp. Proc., 4, 24–28.

  • Hearing VJ and Tsukamoto K . (1991). FASEB J., 5, 2902–2909.

  • Hemesath TJ, Price ER, Takemoto C, Badalian T and Fisher DE . (1998). Nature, 391, 298–301.

  • Hersey P and Zhang XD . (2001). Nat. Rev. Cancer, 1, 142–150.

  • Herzinger T, Funk JO, Hillmer K, Eick D, Wolf DA and Kind P . (1995). Oncogene, 11, 2151–2156.

  • Hirobe T . (1984). Anat. Rec., 208, 589–594.

  • Hodgkinson CA, Moore KJ, Nakayama A, Steingrimsson E, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA and Arnheiter H . (1993). Cell, 74, 395–404.

  • Hoeijmakers JH . (2001). Nature, 411, 366–374.

  • Holbrook NJ and Fornace Jr AJ . (1991). New Biol., 3, 825–833.

  • Hollander MC, Kovalsky O, Salvador JM, Kim KE, Patterson AD, Haines DC and Fornace Jr AJ . (2001). Cancer Res., 61, 2487–2491.

  • Holman CD, Armstrong BK and Heenan PJ . (1983). J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 71, 651–656.

  • Howe HL, Wingo PA, Thun MJ, Ries LA, Rosenberg HM, Feigal EG and Edwards BK . (2001). J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 93, 824–842.

  • Hunt G, Kyne S, Wakamatsu K, Ito S and Thody AJ . (1995). J. Invest. Dermatol., 104, 83–85.

  • Husain Z, Pathak MA, Flotte T and Wick MM . (1991). Cancer Res., 51, 4964–4970.

  • Hwang BJ, Ford JM, Hanawalt PC and Chu G . (1999). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 96, 424–428.

  • Insinga RP, Reither EN, Remington PL and Stephenson-Vine L . (2001). WMJ, 100, 27–31.

  • Irwin C, Barnes A, Veres D and Kaidbey K . (1993). Photochem. Photobiol., 57, 504–507.

  • Islas AL and Hanawalt PC . (1995). Cancer Res., 55, 336–341.

  • Jeffers M, Rong S and Woude GF . (1996). J. Mol. Med., 74, 505–513.

  • Jemal A, Devesa SS, Hartge P and Tucker MA . (2001). J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 93, 678–683.

  • Jiang W, Ananthaswamy HN, Muller HK and Kripke ML . (1999). Oncogene, 18, 4247–4253.

  • Jiang W, Ananthaswamy HN, Muller HK, Ouhtit A, Bolshakov S, Ullrich SE, El-Naggar AK and Kripke ML . (2001). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 98, 9790–9795.

  • Jin S, Antinore MJ, Lung FD, Dong X, Zhao H, Fan F, Colchagie AB, Blanck P, Roller PP, Fornace Jr AJ and Zhan Q . (2000). J. Biol. Chem., 275, 16602–16608.

  • Jung EG . (1986). Curr. Probl. Dermatol., 15, 117–124.

  • Kaidbey KH and Kligman AM . (1979). J. Invest. Dermatol., 72, 253–256.

  • Kamada S, Shimono A, Shinto Y, Tsujimura T, Takahashi T, Noda T, Kitamura Y, Kondoh H and Tsujimoto Y . (1995). Cancer Res., 55, 354–359.

  • Karin M . (1995). J. Biol. Chem., 270, 16483–16486.

  • Kaskel P, Sander S, Kron M, Kind P, Peter RU and Krahn G . (2001). Br. J. Dermatol., 145, 602–609.

  • Kato M, Liu W, Akhand AA, Hossain K, Takeda K, Takahashi M and Nakashima I . (2000). J. Invest. Dermatol., 115, 1157–1158.

  • Kato M, Takahashi M, Akhand AA, Liu W, Dai Y, Shimizu S, Iwamoto T, Suzuki H and Nakashima I . (1998). Oncogene, 17, 1885–1888.

  • Kawada A, Morimoto K, Hiruma M, Noda T and Ishibashi A . (1994). J. Dermatol., 21, 571–574.

  • Kazianis S, Gutbrod H, Nairn RS, McEntire BB, Della Coletta L, Walter RB, Borowsky RL, Woodhead AD, Setlow RB, Schartl M and Morizot DC . (1998). Genes Chromosomes Cancer, 22, 210–220.

  • Kelsall SR and Mintz B . (1998). Cancer Res., 58, 4061–4065.

  • Kennedy C, ter Huurne J, Berkhout M, Gruis N, Bastiaens M, Bergman W, Willemze R and Bavinck JN . (2001). J. Invest. Dermatol., 117, 294–300.

  • Khlgatian MK, Hadshiew IM, Asawanonda P, Yaar M, Eller MS, Fujita M, Norris DA and Gilchrest BA . (2002). J. Invest. Dermatol., 118, 126–132.

  • Klein-Parker HA, Warshawski L and Tron VA . (1994). J. Cutan. Pathol., 21, 297–301.

  • Knebel A, Rahmsdorf HJ, Ullrich A and Herrlich P . (1996). EMBO J., 15, 5314–5325.

  • Kraemer KH . (1994). Jpn. J. Cancer Res., 85, inside front cover.

  • Kulms D and Schwarz T . (2002). J. Dermatol., 29, 189–196.

  • Kusewitt DF and Ley RD . (1996). Cancer Surv., 26, 35–70.

  • Landi MT, Baccarelli A, Tarone RE, Pesatori A, Tucker MA, Hedayati M and Grossman L . (2002). J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 94, 94–101.

  • Langley RG and Sober AJ . (1997). Cancer Invest., 15, 561–567.

  • Larue L, Dougherty N and Mintz B . (1992). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 89, 9534–9538.

  • Lerner AB, Shiohara T, Boissy RE, Jacobson KA, Lamoreux ML and Moellmann GE . (1986). J. Invest. Dermatol., 87, 299–304.

  • Ley RD . (1987). Photodermatol., 4, 173–175.

  • Ley RD . (2001). Photochem. Photobiol., 73, 20–23.

  • Ley RD . (2002). Front. Biosci., 7, d1531–d1534.

  • Ley RD, Applegate LA and Freeman SE . (1988). Mutat. Res., 194, 49–55.

  • Li G and Ho VC . (1998). Br. J. Dermatol., 139, 3–10.

  • Libow LF, Scheide S and DeLeo VA . (1988). Pigment Cell Res., 1, 397–401.

  • Linge C . (1996). Cancer Surv., 26, 71–87.

  • Liu SC, Parsons CS and Hanawalt PC . (1982). J. Invest. Dermatol., 79, 330–335.

  • MacKie RM . (1998). Eur. J. Cancer, 34(Suppl 3), S3–S6.

  • Malitschek B, Fornzler D and Schartl M . (1995). Bioessays, 17, 1017–1023.

  • Marks R . (2000). Clin. Exp. Dermatol., 25, 459–463.

  • Matsumura Y and Ananthaswamy HN . (2002). Front. Biosci., 7, d765–d783.

  • McGill GG, Horstmann M, Widlund HR, Du J, Motyckova G, Nishimura EK, Liny, L, Ramaswamy S, Avery W, Ding HF, Jordan SA, Jackson IJ, Korsmeyer SJ, Golub TR and Fisher DE . (2002). Cell, 109, 707–718.

  • McGovern VJ . (1952). Med. J. Aust., 139–142.

  • McLane JA and Pawelek JM . (1988). Biochemistry, 27, 3743–3747.

  • Medrano EE, Im S, Yang F and Abdel-Malek ZA . (1995). Cancer Res., 55, 4047–4052.

  • Mildner M, Eckhart L, Lengauer B and Tschachler E . (1999). J. Invest. Dermatol., 113, 1136–1137.

  • Mountjoy KG, Robbins LS, Mortrud MT and Cone RD . (1992). Science, 257, 1248–1251.

  • Nairn RS, Kazianis S, McEntire BB, Della Coletta L, Walter RB and Morizot DC . (1996). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 93, 13042–13047.

  • Nakayama K, Negishi I, Kuida K, Sawa H and Loh DY . (1994). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91, 3700–3704.

  • Nataraj AJ, Trent II JC and Ananthaswamy HN . (1995). Photochem. Photobiol., 62, 218–230.

  • Noonan FP, Otsuka T, Bang S, Anver MR and Merlino G . (2000). Cancer Res., 60, 3738–3743.

  • Noonan FP, Recio JA, Takayama H, Duray P, Anver MR, Rush WL, De Fabo EC and Merlino G . (2001). Nature, 413, 271–272.

  • Norris W (1857). Eight Cases of Melanosis with Pathological and Therapeutical Remarks on that Disease. Longman: London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nylander K, Bourdon JC, Bray SE, Gibbs NK, Kay R, Hart I and Hall PA . (2000). J. Pathol., 190, 39–46.

  • Oltvai ZN, Milliman CL and Korsmeyer SJ . (1993). Cell, 74, 609–619.

  • Ortonne JP . (2002). Br. J. Dermatol., 146(Suppl 61), 7–10.

  • Otsuka T, Takayama H, Sharp R, Celli G, LaRochelle WJ, Bottaro DP, Ellmore N, Vieira W, Owens JW, Anver M and Merlino G . (1998). Cancer Res., 58, 5157–5167.

  • Palmer JS, Duffy DL, Box NF, Aitken JF, O'Gorman LE, Green AC, Hayward NK, Martin NG and Sturm RA . (2000). Am. J. Hum. Genet., 66, 176–186.

  • Parker SL, Tong T, Bolden S and Wingo PA . (1997). CA Cancer. J. Clin., 47, 5–27.

  • Pavey S and Gabrielli B . (2002). Cancer Res., 62, 875–880.

  • Pavey S, Russell T and Gabrielli B . (2001). Oncogene, 20, 6103–6110.

  • Plettenberg A, Ballaun C, Pammer J, Mildner M, Strunk D, Weninger W and Tschachler E . (1995). Am. J. Pathol., 146, 651–659.

  • Radler-Pohl A, Sachsenmaier C, Gebel S, Auer HP, Bruder JT, Rapp U, Angel P, Rahmsdorf HJ and Herrlich P . (1993). EMBO J., 12, 1005–1012.

  • Recio JA, Noonan FP, Takayama H, Anver MR, Duray P, Rush WL, Lindner G, De Fabo EC, DePinho RA and Merlino G . (2002). Cancer Res., 62, 6724–6730.

  • Reedy MV, Faraco CD and Erickson CA . (1998). Dev. Dyn., 213, 476–485.

  • Reinke V and Lozano G . (1997). Radiat. Res., 148, 115–122.

  • Rigel DS and Carucci JA . (2000). CA Cancer. J. Clin., 50, 215–236; quiz 237-40.

  • Romerdahl CA, Stephens LC, Bucana C and Kripke ML . (1989). Cancer Commun., 1, 209–216.

  • Rosenstein BS and Mitchell DL . (1987). Photochem. Photobiol., 45, 775–780.

  • Rosette C and Karin M . (1996). Science, 274, 1194–1197.

  • Runger TM, Epe B and Moller K . (1995). J. Invest. Dermatol., 104, 68–73.

  • Sachsenmaier C, Radler-Pohl A, Zinck R, Nordheim A, Herrlich P and Rahmsdorf HJ . (1994). Cell, 78, 963–972.

  • Schaffer JV and Bolognia JL . (2001). Arch. Dermatol., 137, 1477–1485.

  • Scharffetter-Kochanek K, Wlaschek M, Brenneisen P, Schauen M, Blaudschun R and Wenk J . (1997). Biol. Chem., 378, 1247–1257.

  • Schartl A, Malitschek B, Kazianis S, Borowsky R and Schartl M . (1995). Cancer Res., 55, 159–165.

  • Scott G, Stoler M, Sarkar S and Halaban R . (1991). J. Invest. Dermatol., 96, 318–322.

  • Scott MC, Wakamatsu K, Ito S, Kadekaro AL, Kobayashi N, Groden J, Kavanagh R, Takakuwa T, Virador V, Hearing VJ and Abdel-Malek ZA . (2002). J. Cell Sci., 115, 2349–2355.

  • Setlow RB, Grist E, Thompson K and Woodhead AD . (1993). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90, 6666–6670.

  • Setlow RB and Woodhead AD . (1994). Mutat. Res., 307, 365–374.

  • Setlow RB, Woodhead AD and Grist E . (1989). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 86, 8922–8926.

  • Shaulian E, Schreiber M, Piu F, Beeche M, Wagner EF and Karin M . (2000). Cell, 103, 897–907.

  • Shih IM and Herlyn M . (1994). In Vivo, 8, 113–123.

  • Smith ML, Ford JM, Hollander MC, Bortnick RA, Amundson SA, Seo YR, Deng CX, Hanawalt PC and, Fornace Jr AJ . (2000). Mol. Cell. Biol., 20, 3705–3714.

  • Smith R, Healy E, Siddiqui S, Flanagan N, Steijlen PM, Rosdahl I, Jacques JP, Rogers S, Turner R, Jackson IJ, Birch-Machin MA and Rees JL . (1998). J. Invest. Dermatol., 111, 119–122.

  • Smith ML and Seo YR . (2002). Mutagenesis, 17, 149–156.

  • Suzuki I, Im S, Tada A, Scott C, Akcali C, Davis MB, Barsh G, Hearing V and Abdel-Malek Z . (1999). J. Invest. Dermatol. Symp. Proc., 4, 29–34.

  • Tada A, Suzuki I, Im S, Davis MB, Cornelius J, Babcock G, Nordlund JJ and Abdel-Malek ZA . (1998). Cell Growth Differ., 9, 575–584.

  • Takahashi S, Saito S, Ohtani N and Sakai T . (2001). Cancer Res., 61, 1187–1195.

  • Takayama H, LaRochelle WJ, Sharp R, Otsuka T, Kriebel P, Anver M, Aaronson SA and Merlino G . (1997). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 94, 701–706.

  • Takimoto R, MacLachlan TK, Dicker DT, Niitsu Y, Mori T and el-Deiry WS . (2002). Cancer Biol. Ther., 1, 177–186.

  • Taylor SC . (2002). J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 46, S41–S62.

  • Thody AJ . (1999). Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 885, 217–229.

  • Thody AJ and Graham A . (1998). Pigment Cell Res., 11, 265–274.

  • Tibbetts RS, Brumbaugh KM, Williams JM, Sarkaria JN, Cliby WA, Shieh SY, Taya Y, Prives C and Abraham RT . (1999). Genes Dev., 13, 152–157.

  • Tornaletti S and Pfeifer GP . (1994). Science, 263, 1436–1438.

  • Tornaletti S and Pfeifer GP . (1996). Bioessays, 18, 221–228.

  • Tucker MA, Greene MH, Clark Jr WH, Kraemer KH, Fraser MC and Elder DE . (1983). J. Pediatr., 103, 65–69.

  • Unsal-Kacmaz K, Makhov AM, Griffith JD and Sancar A . (2002). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 99, 6673–6678.

  • Valverde P, Healy E, Sikkink S, Haldane F, Thody AJ, Carothers A, Jackson IJ and Rees JL . (1996). Hum. Mol. Genet., 5, 1663–1666.

  • van den Oord JJ, Vandeghinste N, De Ley M and De Wolf-Peeters C . (1994). Am. J. Pathol., 145, 294–300.

  • Van Dyke T and Jacks T . (2002). Cell, 108, 135–144.

  • Wan YS, Wang ZQ, Shao Y, Voorhees JJ and Fisher GJ . (2001). Int. J. Oncol., 18, 461–466.

  • Wang SQ, Kopf AW, Marx J, Bogdan A, Polsky D and Bart RS . (2001a). J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 44, 767–774.

  • Wang SQ, Setlow R, Berwick M, Polsky D, Marghoob AA, Kopf AW and Bart RS . (2001b). J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 44, 837–846.

  • Wang XW, Yeh H, Schaeffer L, Roy R, Moncollin V, Egly JM, Wang Z, Freidberg EC, Evans MK, Taffe BG et al. (1995). Nat. Genet., 10, 188–195.

  • Wang Y and Becker D . (1997). Nat. Med., 3, 887–893.

  • Whiteman DC, Whiteman CA and Green AC . (2001). Cancer Causes Control, 12, 69–82.

  • Wiltshire RN, Duray P, Bittner ML, Visakorpi T, Meltzer PS, Tuthill RJ, Liotta LA and Trent JM . (1995). Cancer Res., 55, 3954–3957.

  • Wittbrodt J, Adam D, Malitschek B, Maueler W, Raulf F, Telling A, Robertson SM and Schartl M . (1989). Nature, 341, 415–421.

  • Wittbrodt J, Lammers R, Malitschek B, Ullrich A and Schartl M . (1992). EMBO J, 11, 4239–4246.

  • Wong G, Pawelek J, Sansone M and Morowitz J . (1974). Nature, 248, 351–354.

  • Wright JA, Keegan KS, Herendeen DR, Bentley NJ, Carr AM, Hoekstra MF and Concannon P . (1998). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 95, 7445–7450.

  • Xiao GH, Jeffers M, Bellacosa A, Mitsuuchi Y, Vande Woude GF and Testa JR . (2001). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 98, 247–252.

  • Yaar M and Gilchrest BA . (2001). Clin. Exp. Dermatol., 26, 583–591.

  • Yamamura K, Kamada S, Ito S, Nakagawa K, Ichihashi M and Tsujimoto Y . (1996). Cancer Res., 56, 3546–3550.

  • Yang Q, Manicone A, Coursen JD, Linke SP, Nagashima M, Forgues M and Wang XW . (2000). J Biol. Chem., 275, 36892–36898.

  • You YH, Lee DH, Yoon JH, Nakajima S, Yasui A and Pfeifer GP . (2001). J Biol. Chem., 276, 44688–44694.

  • Ziegler A, Jonason AS, Leffell DJ, Simon JA, Sharma HW, Kimmelman J, Remington L, Jacks T and Brash DE . (1994). Nature, 372, 773–776.

Download references

Acknowledgements

We thank Drs Dot Bennett, Al Fornace, Vince Hearing, Meenhard Herlyn, Bill Pavan, Pam Pollock and Juan Recio for helpful comments and useful discussions.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, 20892-4264, MD, USA

    Chamelli Jhappan & Glenn Merlino

  2. Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Laboratory of Photobiology & Photoimmunology, School of Public Health and Health Services, George Washington University Medical School, Washington, 20037, DC, USA

    Frances P Noonan

Authors
  1. Chamelli Jhappan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Frances P Noonan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Glenn Merlino
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Glenn Merlino.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Jhappan, C., Noonan, F. & Merlino, G. Ultraviolet radiation and cutaneous malignant melanoma. Oncogene 22, 3099–3112 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1206450

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1206450

Keywords

This article is cited by

Search

Advanced search

Quick links