Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Sunscreens with an absorption maximum of ≥360 nm provide optimal protection against UVA1-induced expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1, interleukin-1, and interleukin-6 in human dermal fibroblasts

  • Perspective
  • Published:
Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

UVA1-induced expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) is mediated by an autocrine mechanism involving the cytokines interleukin-1 and -6 (IL-1 and IL-6). The subsequent degradation of collagen fibers is thought to be the main cause of skin wrinkling. As it is currently not known which wavelengths within the UVA1 range are responsible for these effects, we have assessed 5 UVA1 filters (experimental filters HRH21328 and HRH22127, butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane (BMDM), diethylaminohydroxybenzylbenzoic acid hexyl ester (DHBB) and anisotriazine) with different absorption maxima for their capacity to protect against UVA1-induced MMP-1 expression. To test the efficacy of these hydrophobic filters in a cell culture system, UVA1 irradiation of primary human fibroblasts was performed through a quartz microplate filled with ethanolic solutions of the UVA filters placed on top of the cell microplate. Inhibition of UVA1-induced gene expression was detected by real time RT-PCR. The efficacy to protect against UVA1-induced MMP-1 expression was wavelength dependent: the protection by HRH22127 was best, followed by HRH21328, DHBB, BMDM, and anisotriazine. In addition, HRH22127 and HRH 21328 both significantly inhibited UVA1-induced expression of IL-1α and IL-6 with HRH21238 being superior to HRH22127. These studies indicate that UVA1 filters with a maximum absorption at ≥360 nm are most effective in preventing UVA1 radiation-induced MMP-1, IL-1α, and IL-6 expression pointing towards a critical role for effective filtering beyond ≥360 nm for protection against UVA1-induced photoaging.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. H. R. Griffiths, P. Mistry, K. E. Herbert and J. Lunec, Molecular and cellular effects of light-induced genotoxicity Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci. 1998 35 189–237.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. A. Sarasin, The molecular pathways of ultraviolet-induced carcinogenesis Mutat. Res. 1999 428 5–10.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. M. Wlaschek, G. Heinen, A. Poswig, A. Schwarz, T. Krieg, K. Scharffetter-Kochanek, UVA-induced autocrine stimulation of fibroblast-derived collagenase/MMP-1 by interrelated loops of interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 Photochem. Photobiol. 1994 59 550–556.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. K. Scharffetter, M. Wlaschek, A. Hogg, K. Bolsen, A. Schothorst, G. Goerz, T. Krieg and G. Plewig, UVA irradiation induces collagenase in human dermal fibroblasts in vitro and in vivo Arch. Dermatol. Res. 1991 283 506–511.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. C. Kut, W. Hornebeck, N. Groult, G. Redzinack, G. Godeau and B. Pellat, Influence of successive and combined ultraviolet A and B irradiations on matrix metalloproteinases produced by human dermal fibroblasts in culture Cell Biol. Int. 1997 21 347–352.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. M. Berneburg, S. Grether-Beck, V. Kurten, T. Ruzicka, K. Briviba, H. Sies and J. Krutmann, Singlet oxygen mediates the UVA-induced generation of the photoaging-associated mitochondrial common deletion J. Biol. Chem. 1999 274 15345–15349.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. M. Yaar and B. A. Gilchrest, in Photodamage, ed. B. Gilchrest, Blackwell Science, New York, 1995, pp. 123–135.

  8. M. Wlaschek, K. Bolsen, G. Herrmann, A. Schwarz, F. Wilmroth, P. A. Heinrich, G. Goerz, K. Scharffetter-Kochanek, UVA-induced autocrine stimulation of fibroblast-derived collagenase by IL-6: a possible mechanism in dermal photodamage? J. Invest. Dermatol. 1993 101 164–168.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. B. L. Diffey, P. R. Tanner, P. J. Matts and J. F. Nash, In vitro assessment of the broad-spectrum ultraviolet protection of sunscreen products J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2000 43 1024–1035.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. A. Fourtanier, A. Gueniche, D. Compan, S. L. Walker and A. R. Young, Improved protection against solar-simulated radiation-induced immunosuppression by a sunscreen with enhanced ultraviolet A protection J. Invest. Dermatol. 2000 114 620–627.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. S. Seite, D. Moyal, M. P. Verdier, C. Hourseau and A. Fourtanier, Accumulated p53 protein and UVA protection level of sunscreens Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed. 2000 16 3–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. C. Augustin, C. Collombel and O. Damour, Measurements of the protective effect of topically applied sunscreeens using in vitro three-dimensional dermal and skin equivalents Photochem. Photobiol. 1997 66 853–859.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. S. Tzaneva, A. Seeber, M. Schwaiger, H. Hönigsmann and A. Tanew, High-dose versus medium-dose UVA1 phototherapy for patients with severe generalized atopic dermatitis J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2001 45 503–507.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. P. Ponte, S. Y. Ng, J. Engel, P. Gunning and L. Kedes, Evolutionary conservation in the untranslated regions of actin mRNAs: DNA sequence of a human beta-actin cDNA Nucleic Acids Res. 1984 12 1687–1696.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. J. Vandekerckhove and K. Weber, Mammalian cytoplasmic actins are the products of at least two genes and differ in primary structure in at least 25 identified positions from skeletal muscle actins Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1978 75 1106–1110.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. S. E. Whitham, G. Murphy, P. Angel, H. J. Rahmsdorf, B. Smith, A. Lyons, T. J. R. Harris, J. J. Reynolds, P. Herrlich and A. J. P. Docherty, Comparison of human stromelysin and collagenase by cloning and sequence analysis Biochem. J. 1986 240 913–916.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. T. Nishida, N. Nishino, M. Takano, K. Kawai, K. Bando, Y. Masui, S. Nakai and Y. Hirai, cDNA cloning of the IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta from mRNA of U937 cell line Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1987 143 345–352.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. L. T. May, D. C. Helfgott and P. B. Sehgal, Anti-β-interferon antibodies inhibit the increased expression of HLA-B7 mRNA in tumor necrosis factor-treated human fibroblasts: structural studies of the β2 interferon involved Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1986 83 8957–8961.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. K. J. Livak and T. D. Schmittgen, Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2-ΔΔCT method Methods 2001 25 402–408.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. J. Wenk, P. Brenneisen, M. Wlaschek, A. Poswig, K. Briviba, T. D. Oberley, K. Scharffetter-Kochanek, Stable overexpression of manganese superoxide dismutase in mitochondria identifies hydrogen peroxide as a major oxidant in the AP-1-mediated induction of matrix-degrading metalloprotease-1 J. Biol. Chem. 1999 274 25869–25876.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. M. J. Petersen, C. Hansen and S. Craig, Ultraviolet A irradiation stimulates collagenase production in cultured human fibroblasts J. Invest. Dermatol. 1992 99 440–444.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. M. Wlaschek, K. Briviba, P. Stricklin, H. Sies, K. Scharffetter-Kochanek, Singlet oxygen may mediate the ultraviolet A-induced synthesis of interstitial collagenase J. Invest. Dermatol. 1995 104 194–198.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. T. Polte and M. Tyrell, Involvement of lipid peroxidation and organic peroxides in UVA-induced matrix metalloproteinase-1 expression Free Radical Biol. Med. 2004 36 1566–1574.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. S. Jean, M. De Meo, A. S. Sabatier, M. Laget, J. C. Hubaud, P. Verrando and G. Dumenil, Evaluation of sunscreen protection in human melanocytes exposed to UVA or UVB irradiation using the alkaline comet assay Photochem. Photobiol. 2001 74 417–423.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. P. Reinhardt, M. Cybulski, J. P. McNamee, J. R. McLean, W. Gorman and Y. Deslauriers, Protection from solar simulated radiation-induced DNA damage in cultured human fibroblasts by three commercially available sunscreens Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 2003 81 690–695.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. L. Marrot, J. P. Belaidi and J. R. Meunier, Comet assay combined with p53 detection as a sensitive approach for DNA photoprotection assessment in vitro Exp. Dermatol. 2002 11Suppl. 1 33–36.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. D. L. Bissett, D. P. Hannon and T. V. Orr, Wavelength dependence of histological, physical, and visible changes in chronically UV-irradiated hairless mouse skin Photochem. Photobiol. 1989 50 763–769.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. L. H. Kligman and R. M. Sayre, An action spectrum for ultraviolet induced elastosis in hairless mice: quantification of elastosis by image analysis Photochem. Photobiol. 1991 53 237–242.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. H. C. Wulf, T. Poulsen, R. E. Davies and F. Urbach, Narrow-band UV radiation and induction of dermal elastosis and skin cancer Photodermatology 1989 6 44–51.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. N. A. Shaath, in Sunscreens: Development, Evaluation and Regulatroy Aspects, ed. N. J. Lowe, N. A. Shaath and M. A. Pathak, Marcel Dekker, New York, 2nd edn, 1997, pp. 263–283.

  31. R. Lavker and K. Kaidbey, The spectral dependence for UVA-induced cumulative damage in human skin J. Invest. Dermatol. 1997 108 17–21.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. H. Suwabe, A. Serizawa, H. Kajiwara, M. Ohkido and Y. Tsutsumi, Degenerative processes of elastic fibers in sun-protected and sun-exposed skin: immunoelectron microscopic observation of elastin, fibrillin-1, amyloid P component, lysozyme and alpha1-antitrypsin Pathol. Int. 1999 49 391–402.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. S. Seite, A. Colige, P. Piquemal-Vivenot, C. Montastier, A. Fourtanier, C. Lapiere and B. Nusgens, A full-UV spectrum absorbing daily use cream protects human skin against biological changes occurring in photoaging Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed. 2000 16 147–155.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. R. M. Lavker, G. F. Gerberick, D. Veres, C. J. Irwin and K. H. Kaidbey, Cumulative effects from repeated exposures to suberythemal doses of UVB and UVA in human skin J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 1995 32 53–62.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. B. A. Gilchrest, N. A. Soter, J. L. Hawk, R. M. Barr, A. K. Black, C. N. Hensby, A. I. Mallet, M. W. Greaves and J. A. Parrish, Histologic changes associated with ultraviolet A-induced erythema in normal human skin J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 1983 9 213–219.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Symrise GmbH & Co. KG, Mühlenfeldstr. 1, D-37603, Holzminden, Germany

    Gabriele Vielhaber & Oskar Koch

  2. Symrise GmbH & Co. KG, Bleichenbruecke 10, D-20354, Hamburg, Germany

    William Johncock

  3. Institut für umweltmedizinische Forschung, Auf’m Hennekamp 50, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany

    Susanne Grether-Beck & Jean Krutmann

Authors
  1. Gabriele Vielhaber
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Susanne Grether-Beck
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Oskar Koch
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. William Johncock
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Jean Krutmann
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jean Krutmann.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Vielhaber, G., Grether-Beck, S., Koch, O. et al. Sunscreens with an absorption maximum of ≥360 nm provide optimal protection against UVA1-induced expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1, interleukin-1, and interleukin-6 in human dermal fibroblasts. Photochem Photobiol Sci 5, 275–282 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1039/b516702g

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/b516702g

Search

Navigation