Original articleCholangiocarcinoma
Section snippets
Epidemiology
Overall, CCA is a rare neoplasm. Nevertheless, during the past 3 decades, its incidence has increased.2, 4 In the United States, approximately 5000 new CCA cases are diagnosed yearly.2 Two thirds of CCAs involve the extrahepatic bile ducts, whereas the remaining one third affects the intrahepatic biliary tree.
Studies indicate that intrahepatic and extrahepatic CCA have a distinct epidemiology. As a result, incorrect classification between these 2 types may have affected the reported
Future directions
In view of the increasing incidence of CCA, we need better early detection methods and new, effective therapies to improve the survival of patients with this distressing disease. To date, patients with CCA lack a survival benefit if treated with chemotherapy or radiation therapy.3 Randomized, controlled clinical trials are necessary to evaluate novel chemotherapeutic agents in conjunction with radiation therapy. We hope that as the pathogenesis of CCA is elucidated, better pharmacological and
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