Epidemiologie, Klinik, Diagnostik und Therapie von Infektionen durch Mycobacterium chimaera

 

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Zusammenfassung

Die Erkennung, Diagnosestellung und Behandlung von Infektionen durch atypische Mykobakterien stellen eine besondere klinische Herausforderung dar. Über invasive Erkrankungen durch das zum Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex gehörige Mycobacterium chimaera wurde in den letzten Jahren vermehrt berichtet, insbesondere bei Patienten nach kardiochirurgischen Operationen mit Thorakotomie. Es konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass diese Infektionen durch eine intraoperative, Aerosol-gebundene Übertragung des Pathogens über kontaminierte Hypothermiegeräte (Heater-Cooler-Units), die zum Betrieb von Herz-Lungen-Maschinen eingesetzt werden, zu erklären waren. Es handelt sich dabei um ein weltweites Ausbruchsgeschehen mit bisher etwa 120 diagnostizierten Fällen, wobei die Latenz zwischen Exposition und dem Auftreten erster Symptome häufig mehrere Jahre beträgt. Das klinische Bild einer M. chimaera-Infektion ist mannigfaltig und kann neben Endokarditis oder Implantat-assoziierten Prozessen auch mit nicht kardialer Manifestation (z. B. Sarkoidose-ähnliches Krankheitsbild, Spondylodiscitis, Chorioretinitis) einhergehen. Die Diagnosestellung erfolgt über den Erregernachweis aus speziellen Blutkulturen oder intraoperativen Gewebeproben, insofern eine spezifische mikrobiologische Testung auf Mykobakterien angefordert wird. Ein noninvasives Testverfahren steht nicht zur Verfügung, sodass bei entsprechender Exposition bei Patienten mit passender Klinik aktiv an diese Erkrankung gedacht werden sollte. Die Behandlung von M. chimaera-Infektionen erfordert neben der Entfernung infizierter Implantate eine prolongierte antimykobakterielle Kombinationstherapie. Dieser Übersichtsartikel stellt die aktuelle Bedeutung, Epidemiologie, klinische Symptomatik, Diagnostik und Therapie von M. chimaera-Infektionen für Pneumologen zusammenfassend dar.

Abstract

The recognition, correct diagnosis and adequate clinical management of infections caused by atypical mycobacteria are challenging tasks in clinical practice. Invasive infections caused by Mycobacterium chimaera, a member of the Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex, have been increasingly reported over the past few years. Most infections occurred in patients who had undergone open-chest cardiothoracic surgery. Epidemiological and molecular studies showed that transmission of M. chimaera occurred through intraoperative aerosols derived from contaminated heater-cooler units, i. e. devices that are used to enable the extracardiac circuit in cardiothoracic surgery. Thus far, approximately 120 patient cases have been reported worldwide. The latency between exposure and onset of clinical symptoms may comprise several years. Clinical manifestations of M. chimaera infections include not only endocarditis and implant-associated infections, but also non-cardiac entities such as sarcoidosis-like symptoms, vertebral osteomyelitis and chorioretinitis. The pathogen can be detected in blood culture vials and in surgically obtained specimens from affected tissues, if specific microbiological tests for detection of mycobacteria are employed. There are no simple-to-use screening tests and a high clinical index of suspicion is thus mandatory in patients with previous exposure and compatible signs and symptoms. The successful treatment of M. chimaera infections requires the removal of infected devices and prolonged combination therapy with antimycobacterial drugs. This review summarises the clinical relevance, epidemiology, symptomatology, diagnosis and treatment of infections caused by M. chimaera, with a specific focus on pneumological aspects.

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