Subscribe to RSS
Please copy the URL and add it into your RSS Feed Reader.
https://www.thieme-connect.de/rss/thieme/en/10.1055-s-00000017.xml
Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2019; 127(S 01): S39-S72
DOI: 10.1055/a-1018-8963
DOI: 10.1055/a-1018-8963
German Diabetes Association: Clinical Practice Guidelines
Diagnosis, Therapy and Follow-Up of Diabetes Mellitus in Children and Adolescents
Further Information
Publication History
Publication Date:
20 December 2019 (online)
Causes and Background
The improvement of the care of children and adolescents with diabetes mellitus is an essential task of the Working Group for Paediatric Diabetology/Arbeitsgeschaft für Pädiatrische Diabetologie (AGPD).
In order to meet the needs of a chronic disease in childhood and adolescence, specific aspects of this stage of life must be taken into account.
The present recommendations are addressed to all professional groups that care for and support children and adolescents with diabetes and their families, as well as to higher-level organisations (e. g. health insurance companies) that are involved with or affected by the disease.
In accordance with the specifications of the health ministers of the federal German states as well as the current practice of many clinics, these paediatric guidelines are valid until the age of up to 18 years.
In individual clinical cases, however, these guidelines can also be extended to apply to early adulthood.
-
References
- 1 Adolfsson P, Riddell MC, Taplin CE. et al. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2018: Exercise in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2018; 19 (Suppl. 27) 205-226. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/pedi.12755
- 2 Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR) Acute Pain Management: Operative or Medical Procedures and Trauma. Clinical Practice Guideline., Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, Md 1992
- 3 Ahern JA, Ramchandani N, Cooper J, Himmel A, Silver D, Tamborlane WV. Using a primary nurse manager to implement DCCT recommendations in a large pediatric program. Diabetes Educ 2000; 26: 990-994. EK III
- 4 Al Hanshi S., Shann F. Insulin infused at 0.05 vs. 0.1 units/ kg/hr in children admitted to intensive care with diabetic ketoacidosis. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2011; 12: 137-140. EK III
- 5 Alberti G, Zimmet P, Shaw J, Bloomgarden Z, Kaufman F, Silink M. Type 2 diabetes in the young: the evolving epidemic: the international diabetes federation consensus workshop. Diabetes Care 2004; 27: 1798-1811. EK IV
- 6 Ambrosino JM, Fennie K, Whittemore R, Jaser S, Dowd MF, Grey M. Short-term effects of coping skills training in school-age children with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2008; 9: 74-82. EK Ib
- 7 American Diabetes Association (ADA). Management of dyslipidemia in children and adolescents with diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003; 26: 2194-2197. EK IV
- 8 American Diabetes Association (ADA). Standards of medical care in diabetes-2009. Diabetes Care 2009; 32 Suppl 1 S13-S61. EK IV
- 9 American Diabetes Association (ADA). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes – 2015. Section 11: Children and Adolescents. Diabetes Care 2015; 38: S70-S76. EK IV
- 10 Amin R, Murphy N, Edge J, Ahmed ML, Acerini CL, Dunger DB. A longitudinal study of the effects of a gluten-free diet on glycemic control and weight gain in subjects with type 1 diabetes and celiac disease. Diabetes Care 2002; 25: 1117-1122. EK III
- 11 Andersen HU, Lanng S, Pressler T, Laugesen CS, Mathiesen ER. Cystic fibrosis-related diabetes: the presence of microvascular diabetes complications. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 2660-2663. EK III
- 12 Anderson B, Ho J, Brackett J, Finkelstein D, Laffel L. Parental involvement in diabetesmanagement tasks: relationships to blood glucose monitoring adherence and metabolic control in young adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Pediatr 1997; 130: 257-265. EK III
- 13 Anderson BJ, Brackett J, Ho J, Laffel LM. An office-based intervention to maintain parent-adolescent teamwork in diabetes management. Impact on parent involvement, family conflict, and subsequent glycemic control. Diabetes Care 1999; 22: 713-721. EK IIb
- 14 Anderson RM, Funnell MM, Butler PM, Arnold MS, Fitzgerald JT, Feste CC. Patient empowerment. Results of a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care 1995; 18: 943-949. EK Ib
- 15 Appel LJ, Champagne CM, Harsha DW, Cooper LS, Obarzanek E, Elmer PJ, Stevens VJ, Vollmer WM, Lin PH, Svetkey LP, Stedman SW, Young DR. Effects of comprehensive lifestyle modification on blood pressure control: main results of the PREMIER clinical trial. JAMA 2003; 289: 2083-2093. EK Ib
- 16 Arbeitsgemeinschaft Adipositas im Kindes- und Jugendalter (AGA) Therapie der Adipositas im Kindes- und Jugendalter. Evidenzbasierte Leitlinie der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Adipositas im Kindes- und Jugendalter (AGA) und der beteiligten medizinisch- wissenschaftlichen Fachgesellschaften, Berufsverbände und weiterer Organisationen, AGA, Ulm. 2008; EK IV
- 17 Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Pädiatrische Diabetologie. Untersuchungen auf diabetische Folgeerkrankungen an Augen, Nieren und Nerven bei pädiatrischen Diabetespatienten. Diabet Inform 1998; 20: 124-127
- 18 Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Pädiatrische Diabetologie Stellungnahme zur Notwendigkeit eines Kinderpsychologen in der Langzeitbetreuung von Kindern und Jugendlichen mit Diabetes mellitus, 20 ed., AGPD. 1999;
- 19 Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Pädiatrische Diabetologie (AGPD) Kinder mit Diabetes im Kindergarten. Informationen für Erzieherinnen und Erzieher in Kindergärten. http://www.diabetes-kinder.de 2009; EK IV
- 20 Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Pädiatrische Diabetologie (AGPD) Kinder mit Diabetes in der Schule. Informationen für Lehrerinnen und Lehrer. http://www.diabetes-kinder.de 2010; EK IV
- 21 Arbeitsgemeinschaft Pädiatrische Diabetologie (AGPD) Kosten der ambulanten Langzeitbetreuung. 1999; EK IV
- 22 Astrup A, Ryan L, Grunwald GK, Storgaard M, Saris W, Melanson E, Hill JO. The role of dietary fat in body fatness: Evidence from a preliminary meta-analysis of ad libitum low-fat dietary intervention studies. Br J Nutr 2000; 83 Suppl 1 S25-S32. EK Ia
- 23 Australasian Paediatric Endocrine Group, Department of Health and Ageing, National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Clinical practice guidelines: Type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents. 2005; EK IV
- 24 Australasian Paediatric Endocrine Group, Department of Health and Ageing, National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Clinical practice guidelines: Type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents. 2005; EK IV
- 25 Australasian Paediatric Endocrine Group, Department of Health and Ageing, National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Clinical practice guidelines: Type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents. 2005; EK Ib
- 26 Australasian Paediatric Endocrine Group, Department of Health and Ageing, National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Clinical practice guidelines: Type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents. 2005; EK IIb-III
- 27 Australasian Paediatric Endocrine Group, Department of Health and Ageing, National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Clinical practice guidelines: Type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents. 2005; EK III
- 28 Australasian Paediatric Endocrine Group, Department of Health and Ageing, National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Clinical practice guidelines: Type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents. 2005; EK III/IV
- 29 Babcock DS. Thyroid disease in the pediatric patient: emphasizing imaging with sonography. Pediatr Radiol 2006; 36: 299-308 quiz, EK IV
- 30 Babenko AP, Polak M, Cave H, Busiah K, Czernichow P, Scharfmann R, Bryan J, guilar-Bryan L, Vaxillaire M, Froguel P. Activating mutations in the ABCC8 gene in neonatal diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 456-466. EK III
- 31 Bachran R, Beyer P, Klinkert C, Heidtmann B, Rosenbauer J, Holl RW. Basal rates and circadian profiles in continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) differ for preschool children, prepubertal children, adolescents and young adults. Pediatr Diabetes 2012; 13: 1-5. EK III
- 32 Badenhoop K, Kordonouri O, Machicao F. Empfehlungen zur molekulargenetischen Diagnostik bei Verdacht auf MODY, DDG. 2008; EK IV
- 33 Baechle C, Castillo K, Strassburger K, Stahl-Pehe A, Meissner T, Holl RW, Giani G, Rosenbauer J. Is disordered eating behavior more prevalent in adolescents with early-onset type 1 diabetes than in their representative peers?. Int J Eat Disord 2014; 47: 342-352. EK IIb
- 34 Ballmann M, Hubert D, Assael BM, Kronfeld K, Honer M, Holl RW. Open randomised prospective comparativemulticentre intervention study of patients with cystic fibrosis and early diagnosed diabetes mellitus. BMC Pediatr 2014; 14: 70. EK Ib
- 35 Bangstad HJ, Danne T, Deeb LC, Jarosz-Chobot P, Urakami T, Hanas R. Insulin treatment. ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines 2006 – 2007. Pediatr Diabetes 2007; 8: 88-102. EK Ib
- 36 Bangstad HJ, Danne T, Deeb LC, Jarosz-Chobot P, Urakami T, Hanas R. Insulin treatment. ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines 2006 – 2007. Pediatr Diabetes 2007; 8: 88-102. EK IV
- 37 Banks CJ, Furyk JS. Review article: hypertonic saline use in the emergency department. Emerg Med Australas 2008; 20: 294-305. EK III
- 38 Barlow JH, Ellard DR. Psycho-educational interventions for children with chronic disease, parents and siblings: an overview of the research evidence base. Child Care Health Dev 2004; 30: 637-645. EK Ib
- 39 Barnard K, Thomas S, Royle P, Noyes K, Waugh N. Fear of hypoglycaemia in parents of young children with type 1 diabetes: a systematic review. BMC Pediatr 2010; 10: 50. EK Ia
- 40 Barnea-Goraly N, Raman M, Mazaika P, Marzelli M, Hershey T, Weinzimer SA, Aye T, Buckingham B, Mauras N, White NH, Fox LA, Tansey M, Beck RW, Ruedy KJ, Kollman C, Cheng P, Reiss AL. Alterations in white matter structure in young children with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2014; 37: 332-340. EK III
- 41 Battaglia D, Lin YW, Brogna C, Crino A, Grasso V, Mozzi AF, Russo L, Spera S, Colombo C, Ricci S, Nichols CG, Mercuri E, Barbetti F. Glyburide ameliorates motor coordination and glucose homeostasis in a child with diabetes associated with the KCNJ11 / S225 T, del226 – 232 mutation. Pediatr Diabetes 2012; 13: 656-660
- 42 Battelino T, Conget I, Olsen B, Schutz-Fuhrmann I, Hommel E, Hoogma R, Schierloh U, Sulli N, Bolinder J. The use and efficacy of continuous glucosemonitoring in type 1 diabetes treated with insulin pump therapy: A randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia 2012; 55: 3155-3162. EK Ib
- 43 Battelino T, Danne T, Bergenstal RM. et al. Clinical Targets for Continuous Glucose Monitoring Data Interpretation: Recommendations From the International Consensus on Time in Range. Diabetes Care 2019; Jun dci190028. doi: https://doi.org/10.2337/dci19-0028
- 44 Battelino T, Phillip M, Bratina N, Nimri R, Oskarsson P, Bolindern J. Effect of continuous glucose monitoring on hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2011; 34: 795-800. EK Ib
- 45 Becker M, Galler A, Raile K. Meglitinide analogues in adolescent patients with HNF1A-MODY (MODY 3). Pediatrics 2014; 133: e775-e779
- 46 Bell KJ, Barclay AW, Petocz P, Colagiuri S, Brand-Miller JC. Efficacy of carbohydrate counting in type 1 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2014; 2: 133-140
- 47 Berg CA, Schindler I, Maharajh S. Adolescents' and mothers' perceptions of the cognitive and relational functions of collaboration and adjustment in dealing with type 1 diabetes. J Fam Psychol 2008; 22: 865-874 EK III
- 48 Bergenstal RM, Klonoff DC, Garg SK, Bode BW, Meredith M, Slover RH, Ahmann AJ, Welsh JB, Lee SW, Kaufman FR. Threshold-based insulin-pump interruption for reduction of hypoglycemia. N Engl J Med 2013; 369: 224-232. EK Ib
- 49 Bergenstal RM, Tamborlane WV, Ahmann A, Buse JB, Dailey G, Davis SN, Joyce C, Peoples T, Perkins BA, Welsh JB, Willi SM, Wood MA. Effectiveness of sensor-augmented insulin-pump therapy in type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2010; 363: 311-320. EK Ib
- 50 Biester T, Blaesig S, Remus K, Aschemeier B, Kordonouri O, Granhall C, Sondergaard F, Kristensen NR, Haahr H, Danne T. Insulin degludec’s ultra-long pharmacokinetic properties observed in adults are retained in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2014; 15: 27-33
- 51 Biondi B, Cooper DS. The clinical significance of subclinical thyroid dysfunction. Endocr Rev. 2008; 29: 76–131. EK Ib-IV
- 52 Bitsko MJ, Bean MK, Bart S, Foster RH, Thacker L, Francis GL. Psychological treatment improves hemoglobin A1c outcomes in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Psychol Med Settings 2013; 20: 333-342. EK III
- 53 Blackman SM, Raghinaru D, Adi S, Simmons JH, Ebner-Lyon L, Chase HP, Tamborlane WV, Schatz DA, Block JM, Litton JC, Raman V, Foster NC, Kollman CR, DuBose SN, Miller KM, Beck RW, Dimeglio LA. Insulin pump use in young children in the T1D Exchange clinic registry is associated with lower hemoglobin A1c levels than injection therapy. Pediatr Diabetes 2014; 15: 564-572. EK IIb
- 54 Blank W, Braun B. Sonografie der Schilddrüse – Teil 2: Schilddrüsenentzündungen, Schilddrüsenfunktionsstörungen und Interventionen. Ultraschall in Med 2008; 29: 128-149. EK IV
- 55 Blankfield AJ, Holahan B. Family support, coping strategies and depressive symptoms among mothers of children with diabetes. J Fam Psychol 1996; 10: 173-179. EK III
- 56 Bläsig S, Remus K, Danne T, Lange K. ‘Fit for school’: Evaluation of a training course for 5 – 6 year old children with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2011; 12: 72. EK III
- 57 Bloomgarden ZT, Karmally W, Metzger MJ, Brothers M, Nechemias C, Bookman J, Faierman D, Ginsberg-Fellner F, Rayfield E, Brown WV. Randomized, controlled trial of diabetic patient education: improved knowledge without improved metabolic status. Diabetes Care 1987; 10: 263-272. EK Ib
- 58 Bonfanti R, Colombo C, Nocerino V, Massa O, Lampasona V, Iafusco D, Viscardi M, Chiumello G, Meschi F, Barbetti F. Insulin gene mutations as cause of diabetes in children negative for five type 1 diabetes autoantibodies. Diabetes Care 2009; 32: 123-125
- 59 Bonfig W, Kapellen T, Dost A, Fritsch M, Rohrer T, Wolf J, Holl RW. Growth in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. J Pediatr 2012; 160: 900-903
- 60 Bonnefond A, Philippe J, Durand E, Dechaume A, Huyvaert M, Montagne L, Marre M, Balkau B, Fajardy I, Vambergue A, Vatin V, Delplanque J, Le GD, De GF, Lecoeur C, Sand O, Vaxillaire M, Froguel P. Whole-exome sequencing and high throughput genotyping identified KCNJ11 as the thirteenth MODY gene. PLoS One 2012; 7: e37 423
- 61 Bonnefond A, Sand O, Guerin B, Durand E, De GF, Huyvaert M, Rachdi L, Kerr-Conte J, Pattou F, Vaxillaire M, Polak M, Scharfmann R, Czernichow P, Froguel P. GATA6 inactivating mutations are associated with heart defects and, inconsistently, with pancreatic agenesis and diabetes. Diabetologia 2012; 55: 2845-2847
- 62 Bornet F, Haardt MJ, Costagliola D, Blayo A, Slama G. Sucrose or honey at breakfast have no additional acute hyperglycaemic effect over an isoglucidic amount of bread in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetologia 1985; 28: 213-217. EK Ib
- 63 Brackenridge A, Wallbank H, Lawrenson RA, Russell-Jones D. Emergency management of diabetes and hypoglycaemia. Emerg Med J 2006; 23: 183-185. EK III
- 64 Brand-Miller J, Hayne S, Petocz P, Colagiuri S. Low-glycemic index diets in the management of diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Care 2003; 26: 2261-2267. EK Ia
- 65 Brink S, Laffel L, Likitmaskul S, Liu L, Maguire AM, Olsen B, Silink M, Hanas R. Sick day management in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2007; 8: 401-407. EK IV
- 66 Brink S, Laffel L, Likitmaskul S, Liu L, Maguire AM, Olsen B, Silink M, Hanas R. Sick day management in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2007; 8: 401-407
- 67 Brown M, Ahmed ML, Clayton KL, Dunger DB. Growth during childhood and final height in type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med 1994; 11: 182-187. EK III
- 68 Bryden KS, Neil A, Mayou RA, Peveler RC, Fairburn CG, Dunger DB. Eating habits, body weight, and insulin misuse. A longitudinal study of teenagers and young adults with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 1999; 22: 1956-1960. EK III
- 69 Buckingham BA, Cameron F, Calhoun P, Maahs DM, Wilson DM, Chase HP, Bequette BW, Lum J, Sibayan J, Beck RW, Kollman C. Outpatient safety assessment of an in-home predictive low-glucose suspend system with type 1 diabetes subjects at elevated risk of nocturnal hypoglycemia. Diabetes Technol Ther 2013; 15: 622-627. EK Ib
- 70 Bundesarbeitsgemeinschaft für Rehabilitation (BAR) Gemeinsames Rahmenkonzept der Gesetzlichen Krankenkassen und der Gesetzlichen Rentenversicherung für die Durchführung stationärer medizinischer Leistungen der Vorsorge und Rehabilitation für Kinder und Jugendliche. http://www.bar-frankfurt.de/fileadmin/dateiliste/publikationen/arbeitsmaterialien/downloads/Gemeinsames_Rahmenkonzept 2008
- 71 Bundesärztekammer (BÄK), Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften (AWMF), Kassenärztliche Bundesvereinigung (KBV). Nationale VersorgungsLeitlinie Diabetes. Strukturierte Schulungsprogramme – Langfassung; 1. Auflage Version 3 doi: http://doi.org/10.6101/AZQ/000143 2012. EK IV
- 72 Bundesärztekammer (BÄK), Kassenärztliche Bundesvereinigung (KBV), Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften (AWMF). Nationales Programm für VersorgungsLeitlinien. Methoden-Report. 4. Auflage doi: http: //doi.org/10.6101/AZQ/000061 2010
- 73 Cadario F, Prodam F, Bellone S, Trada M, Binotti M, Trada M, Allochis G, Baldelli R, Esposito S, Bona G, Aimaretti G. Transition process of patients with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) from paediatric to the adult health care service: A hospital-based approach. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2009; 71: 346-350. EK III
- 74 Cameron FJ, Amin R, de BC, Codner E, Acerini CL. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2014. Diabetes in adolescence. Pediatr Diabetes 2014; 15: 245-256. EK III
- 75 Cameron FJ, de BC, Aanstoot HJ, Hoey H, Lange K, Castano L, Mortensen HB. Lessons from the Hvidoere International Study Group on childhood diabetes: Be dogmatic about outcome and flexible in approach. Pediatr Diabetes 2013; 14: 473-480. EK III
- 76 Cameron FJ, Scratch SE, Nadebaum C, Northam EA, Koves I, Jennings J, Finney K, Neil JJ, Wellard RM, Mackay M, Inder TE. Neurological consequences of diabetic ketoacidosis at initial presentation of type 1 diabetes in a prospective cohort study of children. Diabetes Care 2014; 37: 1554-1562. EK IIb
- 77 Cameron FJ, Skinner TC, de Beaufort CE, Hoey H, Swift PG, Aanstoot H, Aman J, Martul P, Chiarelli F, Daneman D, Danne T, Dorchy H, Kaprio EA, Kaufman F, Kocova M, Mortensen HB, Njolstad PR, Phillip M, Robertson KJ, Schoenle EJ, Urakami T, Vanelli M, Ackermann RW, Skovlund SE. Are family factors universally related tometabolic outcomes in adolescents with Type 1 diabetes?. Diabet Med 2008; 25: 463-468. EK III
- 78 Canadian Diabetes Association Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Committee. Canadian Diabetes Association 2013 Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Management of Diabetes in Canada. Can J Diabetes 2013; 37: S1-S212. EK IV
- 79 Carlsson AK, Axelsson IE, Borulf SK, Bredberg AC, Lindberg BA, Sjoberg KG, Ivarsson SA. Prevalence of IgA-antiendomy- sium and IgA-antigliadin autoantibodies at diagnosis of insulin- dependent diabetes mellitus in Swedish children and adolescents. Pediatrics 1999; 103: 1248-1252. EK III
- 80 Ceriello A, Giugliano D, Quatraro A, Lefebvre PJ. Anti-oxidants show an anti-hypertensive effect in diabetic and hypertensive subjects. Clin Sci (Lond) 1991; 81: 739-742. EK Ib
- 81 Chan CL, Vigers T, Pyle L, Zeitler PS, Sagel SD, Nadeau KJ. Continuous glucose monitoring abnormalities in cystic fibrosis youth correlate with pulmonary function decline. J Cyst Fibros 2018; 17: 783-790
- 82 Chan NN, Brain HP, Feher MD. Metformin-associated lactic acidosis: A rare or very rare clinical entity?. Diabet Med 1999; 16: 273-281. EK IIa
- 83 Chandalia M, Garg A, Lutjohann D, von Bergmann K, Grundy SM, Brinkley LJ. Beneficial effects of high dietary fiber intake in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 1392-1398. EK Ib
- 84 Channon SJ, Huws-Thomas MV, Rollnick S, Hood K, Cannings- John RL, Rogers C, Gregory JW. A multicenter randomized controlled trial of motivational interviewing in teenagers with diabetes. Diabetes Care 2007; 30: 1390-1395. EK Ib
- 85 Chetty VT, Almulla A, Odueyungbo A, Thabane L. The effect of continuous subcutaneous glucose monitoring (CGMS) vs. intermittent whole blood finger-stick glucose monitoring (SBGM) on hemoglobin A1c (HBA1c) levels in Type I diabetic patients: a systematic review. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2008; 81: 79-87. EK Ia
- 86 Cheung N, Rogers SL, Donaghue KC, Jenkins AJ, Tikellis G, Wong TY. Retinal arteriolar dilation predicts retinopathy in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2008; 31: 1842-1846 EK IIb
- 87 Chiang JL, Kirkman MS, Laffel LM, Peters AL. Type 1 diabetes through the life span: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 2014; 37: 2034-2054
- 88 Christiansen E, Schnider S, Palmvig B, Tauber-Lassen E, Pedersen O. Intake of a diet high in trans monounsaturated fatty acids or saturated fatty acids. Effects on postprandial insulinemia and glycemia in obese patients with NIDDM. Diabetes Care 1997; 20: 881-887. EK Ib
- 89 Churchill JN, Ruppe RL, Smaldone A. Use of continuous insulin infusion pumps in young children with type 1 diabetes: A systematic review. J Pediatr Health Care 2009; 23: 173-179. EK 1a
- 90 Clar C, Waugh N, Thomas S. Routine hospital admission vs. out-patient or home care in children at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; CD004 099. EK IIa-III
- 91 Clarke W, Deeb LC, Jameson P, Kaufman F, Klingensmith G, Schatz D, Silverstein JH, Siminerio LM. Diabetes care in the school and day care setting. Diabetes Care 2013; 36: S75-S79. EK IV
- 92 Clarke W, Jones T, Rewers A, Dunger D, Klingensmith GJ. Assessment and management of hypoglycemia in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2008; 9: 165-174. EK IV
- 93 Clarke W, Jones T, Rewers A, Dunger D, Klingensmith GJ. Assessment and management of hypoglycemia in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2008; 9: 165-174. EK IV
- 94 Clarke W, Jones T, Rewers A, Dunger D, Klingensmith GJ. Assessment and management of hypoglycemia in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2008; 9: 165-174. EK III
- 95 Cochran JB, Walters S, Losek JD. Pediatric hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome: Diagnostic difficulties and high mortality rate. Am J Emerg Med 2006; 24: 297-301. EK III
- 96 Colombo C, Porzio O, Liu M, Massa O, Vasta M, Salardi S, Beccaria L, Monciotti C, Toni S, Pedersen O, Hansen T, Federici L, Pesavento R, Cadario F, Federici G, Ghirri P, Arvan P, Iafusco D, Barbetti F. Seven mutations in the human insulin gene linked to permanent neonatal/infancy-onset diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest 2008; 118: 2148-2156. EK III
- 97 Colquitt J, Royle P, Waugh N. Are analogue insulins better than soluble in continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion? Results of a meta-analysis. Diabet Med 2003; 20: 863-866. EK Ia
- 98 Colton P, Olmsted M, Daneman D, Rydall A, Rodin G. Disturbed eating behavior and eating disorders in preteen and early teenage girls with type 1 diabetes: A case-controlled study. Diabetes Care 2004; 27: 1654-1659. EK III
- 99 Colton PA, Olmsted MP, Daneman D, Rodin GM. Depression, disturbed eating behavior, and metabolic control in teenage girls with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2013; 14: 372-376. EK III
- 100 Copeland PM, Anderson B. Diabetes mellitus and eating disorders. Harv Rev Psychiatry 1995; 3: 36-40. EK IV
- 101 Coster S, Gulliford MC, Seed PT, Powrie JK, Swaminathan R. Monitoring blood glucose control in diabetes mellitus: A systematic review. Health Technol Assess 2000; 4: i-93. EK Ia
- 102 Couch R, Jetha M, Dryden DM. Diabetes education for children with type 1 diabetes mellitus and their families, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), Rockville (MD). 2008. EK Ia
- 103 Couper JJ, Haller MJ, Greenbaum CJ. et al. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2018: Stages of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents. Pediatr Diabetes 2018; 19 (Suppl.27) 20-27
- 104 Court JM, Cameron FJ, Berg-Kelly K, Swift PG. Diabetes in adolescence. Pediatr Diabetes 2008; 9: 255-262. EK IV
- 105 Craig ME, Twigg SM, Donaghue KC, Cheung NW, Cameron FJ, Conn J, Jenkins AJ, Silink M.Australian Type Diabetes Guidelines Expert Advisory Group National evidence-based clinical care guidelines for type 1 diabetes in children, adolescents and adults, Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing, Canberra. 2011; EK IV
- 106 Cranston I, Lomas J, Maran A, Macdonald I, Amiel SA. Restoration of hypoglycaemia awareness in patients with longduration insulin-dependent diabetes. Lancet 1994; 344: 283-287. EK III
- 107 d'Emden H, Holden L, McDermott B, Harris M, Gibbons K, Gledhill A, Cotterill A. Disturbed eating behaviours and thoughts in Australian adolescents with type 1 diabetes. J Paediatr Child Health 2013; 49: E317-E323. EK III
- 108 Dalla Pozza R, Bechtold S, Bonfig W, Putzker S, Kozlik-Feldmann R, Netz H, Schwarz HP. Age of onset of type 1 diabetes in children and carotid intima medial thickness. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92: 2053-2057. EK IIb
- 109 Danne T. Deutscher Gesundheitsbericht. Diabetes. 2014; http://www.diabetesde.org/fileadmin/users/Patientenseite/PDFs_und_TEXTE/Infomaterial/Gesundheitsbericht_2014_kl.pdf 2014_kl.pdf 2014; EK IIb
- 110 Danne T, Aman J, Schober E, Deiss D, Jacobsen JL, Friberg HH, Jensen LH. A comparison of postprandial and preprandial administration of insulin aspart in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003; 26: 2359-2364. EK Ib
- 111 Danne T, Bangstad HJ, Deeb L, Jarosz-Chobot P, Mungaie L, Saboo B, Urakami T, Battelino T, Hanas R. ISPADClinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2014. Insulin treatment in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2014; 15: 115-134. EK IV
- 112 Danne T, Battelino T, Jarosz-Chobot P, Kordonouri O, Pankowska E, Ludvigsson J, Schober E, Kaprio E, Saukkonen T, Nicolino M, Tubiana-Rufi N, Klinkert C, Haberland H, Vazeou A, Madacsy L, Zangen D, Cherubini V, Rabbone I, Toni S, de BC, Bakker-van WW, van den BN, Volkov I, Barrio R, Hanas R, Zumsteg U, Kuhlmann B, Aebi C, Schumacher U, Gschwend S, Hindmarsh P, Torres M, Shehadeh N, Phillip M. Establishing glycaemic control with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: Experience of the PedPump Study in 17 countries. Diabetologia 2008; 51: 1594-1601. EK III
- 113 Danne T, Becker RH, Heise T, Bittner C, Frick AD, Rave K. Pharmacokinetics, prandial glucose control, and safety of insulin glulisine in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 2100-2105. EK Ib
- 114 Danne T, Datz N, Endahl L, Haahr H, Nestoris C, Westergaard L, Fjording MS, Kordonouri O. Insulin detemir is characterized by a more reproducible pharmacokinetic profile than insulin glargine in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: results from a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Pediatr Diabetes 2008; 9: 554-560. EK Ib
- 115 Danne T, Kordonouri O. Use of technology to potentially preserve C-Peptide in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev 2010; 7 Suppl 3 396-400. EK Ib
- 116 Danne T, Kordonouri O, Enders I, Weber B. Factors influencing height and weight development in children with diabetes. Results of the Berlin Retinopathy Study. Diabetes Care 1997; 20: 281-285. EK III
- 117 Danne T, Mortensen HB, Hougaard P, Lynggaard H, Aanstoot HJ, Chiarelli F, Daneman D, Dorchy H, Garandeau P, Greene SA, Hoey H, Holl RW, Kaprio EA, Kocova M, Martul P, Matsuura N, Robertson KJ, Schoenle EJ, Sovik O, Swift PG, Tsou RM, Vanelli M, Aman J. Persistent differences among centers over 3 years in glycemic control and hypoglycemia in a study of 3805 children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes from the Hvidore Study Group. Diabetes Care 2001; 24: 1342-1347. EK III
- 118 Danne T, Nimri R, Battelino T. et al International consensus on use of continous glucose monitoring. Diabetes Care 2017; 40: 1631-1640
- 119 Danne T, Phillip M, Buckingham BA. et al. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2018: Insulin treatment in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2018; 19 (Suppl. 27) 115-135. doi: https://doi. org/10.1111/pedi.12718
- 120 Danne T, Philotheou A, Goldman D, Guo X, Ping L, Cali A, Johnston P. A randomized trial comparing the rate of hypoglycemia– assessed using continuous glucose monitoring–in 125 preschool children with type 1 diabetes treated with insulin glargine or NPH insulin (the PRESCHOOL study). Pediatr Diabetes 2013; 14: 593-601. EK1b
- 121 Danne T, Rastam J, Odendahl R, Nake A, Schimmel U, Szczepanski R, Moeller J, Deiss D. Parental preference of prandial insulin aspart compared with preprandial human insulin in a basal-bolus scheme with NPH insulin in a 12-wk crossover study of preschool children with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2007; 8: 278-285. EK IIa
- 122 Danne T, Tsioli C, Kordonouri O, Blaesig S, Remus K, Roy A, Keenan B, Lee SW, Kaufman FR. The PILGRIM study: in silico modeling of a predictive low glucose management system and feasibility in youth with type 1 diabetes during exercise. Diabetes Technol Ther 2014; 16: 338-347. EK IIb
- 123 Danne T, Weber B, Hartmann R, Enders I. BurgerW Hovener G. Long-termglycemic control has a nonlinear association to the frequency of background retinopathy in adolescents with diabetes. Follow-up of the Berlin Retinopathy Study. Diabetes Care 1994; 17: 1390-1396. EK III
- 124 Danne T, Ziegler R, Kapellen T. Diabetes bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. Dt. Gesundheitsbericht Diabetes. 2019. Kirchheim-Verlag; 124-135
- 125 Davis CL, Delamater AM, Shaw KH, La Greca AM, Eidson MS, Perez-Rodriguez JE, Nemery R. Parenting styles, regimen adherence, and glycemic control in 4- to 10-year-old children with diabetes. J Pediatr Psychol 2001; 26: 123-129. EK III
- 126 de Beaufort CE, Lange K, Swift PG, Aman J, Cameron F, Castano L, Dorchy H, Fisher LK, Hoey H, Kaprio E, Kocova M, Neu A, Njolstad PR, Phillip M, Schoenle E, Robert JJ, Urukami T, Vanelli M, Danne T, Barrett T, Chiarelli F, Aanstoot HJ, Mortensen HB. Metabolic outcomes in young children with type 1 diabetes differ between treatment centers: the Hvidoere Study in Young Children 2009. Pediatr Diabetes 2013; 14: 422-428 , EK IIb
- 127 de Man SA, Andre JL, Bachmann H, Grobbee DE, Ibsen KK, Laaser U, Lippert P, Hofman A. Blood pressure in childhood: pooled findings of six European studies. J Hypertens 1991; 9: 109-114. EK IIb
- 128 de Weerdt I, Visser AP, Kok GJ, de Weerdt O, van der Veen EA. Randomized controlled multicentre evaluation of an education programme for insulin-treated diabetic patients: effects on metabolic control, quality of life, and costs of therapy. Diabet Med 1991; 8: 338-345 EK Ib
- 129 de Wit M., Winterdijk P, Aanstoot HJ, Anderson B, Danne T, Deeb L, Lange K, Nielsen AO, Skovlund S, Peyrot M, Snoek F. Assessing diabetes-related quality of life of youth with type 1 diabetes in routine clinical care: the MIND Youth Questionnaire (MY-Q). Pediatr Diabetes 2012; 13: 638-646. EK IV
- 130 de Wit M, Delemarre-van de Waal HA, Bokma JA, Haasnoot K, Houdijk MC, Gemke RJ, Snoek FJ. Monitoring and discussing health-related quality of life in adolescents with type 1 diabetes improve psychosocial well-being: A randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care 2008; 31: 1521-1526. EK Ib
- 131 de Wit M, Pouwer F, Gemke RJ, Delemarre-van de Waal HA, Snoek FJ. Validation of the WHO-5 Well-Being Index in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2007; 30: 2003-2006. EK III
- 132 Decourcey DD, Steil GM, Wypij D, Agus MS. Increasing use of hypertonic saline over mannitol in the treatment of symptomatic cerebral edema in pediatric diabetic ketoacidosis: an 11-year retrospective analysis of mortality*. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2013; 14: 694-700. EK III
- 133 Deeb LC, Holcombe JH, Brunelle R, Zalani S, Brink S, Jenner M, Kitson H, Perlman K, Spencer M. Insulin lispro lowers postprandial glucose in prepubertal children with diabetes. Pediatrics 2001; 108: 1175-1179. EK Ib
- 134 Deiss D, Bolinder J, Riveline JP, Battelino T, Bosi E, Tubiana- Rufi N, Kerr D, Phillip M. Improved glycemic control in poorly controlled patients with type 1 diabetes using real-time continuous glucose monitoring. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 2730-2732. EK Ib
- 135 Delamater AM, Bubb J, Davis SG, Smith JA, Schmidt L, White NH, Santiago JV. Randomized prospective study of self-management training with newly diagnosed diabetic children. Diabetes Care 1990; 13: 492-498. EK Ib
- 136 Delamater AM, de WM, McDarby V, Malik J, Acerini CL. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2014. Psychological care of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2014; 15: 232-244. EK IV
- 137 Delamater AM, Jacobson AM, Anderson B, Cox D, Fisher L, Lustman P, Rubin R, Wysocki T. Psychosocial therapies in diabetes: report of the Psychosocial Therapies Working Group. Diabetes Care 2001; 24: 1286-1292. EK Ia
- 138 Delamater AM, Shaw KH, Applegate EB, Pratt IA, Eidson M, Lancelotta GX, Gonzalez-Mendoza L, Richton S. Risk for metabolic control problems in minority youth with diabetes. Diabetes Care 1999; 22: 700-705. EK III
- 139 Delamater AM, de Wit M, McDarby V, Malik J, Acerini CL. Psychological care of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Pediatric Diabetes 2014; 15: 232-244
- 140 Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung (DGE) Österreichische Gesellschaft für Ernährung (ÖGE), Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Ernährungsforschung (SGE), eds.: Referenzwerte für die Nährstoffzufuhr. 2. Auflage ed.Bonn: 2015. EK IV
- 141 Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung (DGE) Österreichische Gesellschaft für Ernährung (ÖGE), Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Ernährungsforschung (SGE), Schweizerische Vereinigung für Ernährung (SVE): Referenzwerte für die Nährstoffzufuhr, Neuer Umschau Buchverl., Neustadt/ Weinstraße 2008. EK IV
- 142 Deutsche Gesellschaft für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie (DGKJP) Behandlung von depressiven Störungen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. Evidenz- und konsensbasierte Leitlinie (S3). Langfassung, Stand: 01.07.2013. http: //www. awmf.org/uploads/tx_szleitlinien/028- 043l_S3_Depressive_St%C3 %B6rungen_bei_Kindern_Jugendlichen_2013- 07.pdf. 2013; EK IV
- 143 Deutsche Gesellschaft für pädiatrische Rehabilitation und Prävention Leitlinie Rehabilitation Diabetes mellitus im Kindes- und Jugendalter. http://www.awmf.org/uploads/tx_szleitlinien/070 - 003k_S2_Diabetes_ mellitus_stationaere_Rehabilitation.pdf. 2007;
- 144 Deutsche Gesellschaft für Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und Nervenheilkunde (DGPPN) Bundesärztekammer (BÄK), Kassenärztliche Bundesvereinigung (KBV), Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften (AWMF). S3-Leitlinie/ Nationale VersorgungsLeitlinie Unipolare Depression – Langfassung. 1. Auflage Version 5 doi: http://doi.org/10.6101/AZQ/000 239 2009 EK IV
- 145 Deutsche Hochdruckliga, Deutsche Hypertoniegesellschaft Leitlinien zur Behandlung der arteriellen Hypertonie, DHL, Heidelberg. 2008;
- 146 Deutsche Hochdruckliga, Deutsche Hypertoniegesellschaft Leitlinien zur Behandlung der arteriellen Hypertonie, DHL, Heidelberg. 2008;
- 147 Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. Epidemiology of severe hypoglycemia in the diabetes control and complications trial. The DCCT Research Group. Am J Med 1991; 90: 450-459. EK III
- 148 Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. Effect of intensive diabetes treatment on the development and progression of long-term complications in adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. J Pediatr 1994; 125: 177-188. EK Ib
- 149 Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The relationship of glycemic exposure (HbA1c) to the risk of development and progression of retinopathy in the diabetes control and complications trial. Diabetes 1995; 44: 968-983. EK Ib
- 150 Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The absence of a glycemic threshold for the development of long-term complications: the perspective of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Diabetes 1996; 45: 1289-1298
- 151 Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1 Diabetes Study Group. Effects of insulin in relatives of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 1685-1691. EK Ib
- 152 DiMeglio LA, Acerini CL, Codner E. et al. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2018: Glycemic control targets and glucose monitoring for children, adolescents, and young adults with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2018; 19 (Suppl. 27) 10-114. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/pedi.12737
- 153 Dobson L, Hattersley AT, Tiley S, Elworthy S, Oades PJ, Sheldon CD. Clinical improvement in cystic fibrosis with early insulin treatment. Arch Dis Child 2002; 87: 430-431
- 154 Dodson PM, Beevers M, Hallworth R, Webberley MJ, Fletcher RF, Taylor KG. Sodium restriction and blood pressure in hypertensive type II diabetics: randomised blind controlledv and crossover studies of moderate sodium restriction and sodium supplementation. BMJ 1989; 298: 227-230. EK Ib
- 155 Doherty FM, Calam R, Sanders MR. Positive parenting program (triple P) for families of adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial of self-directed teen triple P. J Pediatr Psychol 2013; 38: 846-858. EK Ib
- 156 Donaghue KC, Chiarelli F, Trotta D, Allgrove J, hl-Jorgensen K. ISPADclinical practice consensus guidelines 2006 – 2007. Microvascular and macrovascular complications. Pediatr Diabetes 2007; 8: 163-170. EK III
- 157 Donaghue KC, Chiarelli F, Trotta D, Allgrove J, hl-Jorgensen K. ISPADclinical practice consensus guidelines 2006 – 2007. Microvascular and macrovascular complications. Pediatr Diabetes 2007; 8: 163-170. EK IIb
- 158 Donaghue KC, Chiarelli F, Trotta D, Allgrove J, hl-Jorgensen K. ISPADclinical practice consensus guidelines 2006 – 2007. Microvascular and macrovascular complications. Pediatr Diabetes 2007; 8: 163-170. EK IV
- 159 Donaghue KC, Chiarelli F, Trotta D, Allgrove J, hl-Jorgensen K. ISPADclinical practice consensus guidelines 2006 – 2007. Microvascular and macrovascular complications. Pediatr Diabetes 2007; 8: 163-170
- 160 Donaghue KC, Craig ME, Chan AK, Fairchild JM, Cusumano JM, Verge CF, Crock PA, Hing SJ, Howard NJ, Silink M. Prevalence of diabetes complications 6 years after diagnosis in an incident cohort of childhood diabetes. Diabet Med 2005; 22: 711-718. EK IIb-III
- 161 Donaghue KC, Wadwa RP, Dimeglio LA, Wong TY, Chiarelli F, Marcovecchio ML, Salem M, Raza J, Hofman PL, Craig ME. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2014. Microvascular and macrovascular complications in children and adolescents. Pediatr Diabetes 2014; 15 Suppl 20 257-269. EK IV
- 162 Doolan A, Donaghue K, Fairchild J, Wong M, Williams AJ. Use of HLA typing in diagnosing celiac disease in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 806-809. EK IIa
- 163 Dost A, Klinkert C, Kapellen T, Lemmer A, Naeke A, Grabert M, Kreuder J, Holl RW. Arterial hypertension determined by ambulatory blood pressure profiles: contribution to microalbuminuria risk in a multicenter investigation in 2105 children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2008; 31: 720-725
- 164 Dunger DB, Sperling MA, Acerini CL, Bohn DJ, Daneman D, Danne TP, Glaser NS, Hanas R, Hintz RL, Levitsky LL, Savage MO, Tasker RC, Wolfsdorf JI. ESPE/LWPES consensus statement on diabetic ketoacidosis in children and adolescents. Arch Dis Child 2004; 89: 188-194. EK IV
- 165 Edge JA, Jakes RW, Roy Y, Hawkins M, Winter D, Ford- Adams ME, Murphy NP, Bergomi A, Widmer B, Dunger DB. The UK case-control study of cerebral oedema complicating diabetic ketoacidosis in children. Diabetologia 2006; 49: 2002-2009. EK II
- 166 Edghill E, Flanagan SE, Patch AM, Boustred C, Parrish A, Shields B, Shepherd MH, Hussain K, Kapoor RR, Malecki M, MacDonald MJ, Stoy J, Steiner DF, Philipson LH, Bell GI, Hattersley AT, Ellard S. Insulin mutation screening in 1044 patients with diabetes: Mutations in the INS gene are a common cause of neonatal diabetes but a rare cause of diabetes diagnosed in childhood or adulthood. Diabetes 2008; 57: 1034-1042. EK III
- 167 Ehehalt S, Blumenstock G, Willasch AM, Hub R, Ranke MB, Neu A. Continuous rise in incidence of childhood Type 1 diabetes in Germany. Diabet Med 2008; 25: 755-757. EK III
- 168 Ehehalt S, Dietz K, Willasch AM, Neu A. Prediction model for the incidence and prevalence of type 1 diabetes in childhood and adolescence: evidence for a cohort-dependent increase within the next two decades in Germany. Pediatr Diabetes 2012; 13: 15-20 EK III
- 169 Ehehalt S, Gauger N, Blumenstock G, Feldhahn L, Scheffner T, Schweizer R, Neu A. Hemoglobin A1c is a reliable criterion for diagnosing type 1 diabetes in childhood and adolescence. Pediatr Diabetes 2010; 11: 446-449
- 170 Ellard S, Bellanne-Chantelot C, Hattersley AT. Best practice guidelines for the molecular genetic diagnosis of maturityonset diabetes of the young. Diabetologia 2008; 51: 546-553. EK III
- 171 Ellard S, Flanagan SE, Girard CA, Patch AM, Harries LW, Parrish A, Edghill EL, Mackay DJ, Proks P, Shimomura K, Haberland H, Carson DJ, Shield JP, Hattersley AT, Ashcroft FM. Permanent neonatal diabetes caused by dominant, recessive, or compound heterozygous SUR1 mutations with opposite functional effects. Am J Hum Genet 2007; 81: 375-382
- 172 Ellert U, Brettschneider AK, Ravens-Sieberer U. Gesundheitsbezogene Lebensqualität bei Kindern und Jugendlichen in Deutschland. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2014; 57: 798-806. EK IIb
- 173 Ellis D, Naar-King S, Templin T, Frey M, Cunningham P, Sheidow A, Cakan N, Idalski A. Multisystemic therapy for adolescents with poorly controlled type 1 diabetes: reduced diabetic ketoacidosis admissions and related costs over 24 months. Diabetes Care 2008; 31: 1746-1747. EK Ib
- 174 Ellis DA, Naar-King S, Chen X, Moltz K, Cunningham PB, Idalski-Carcone A. Multisystemic therapy compared to telephone support for youth with poorly controlled diabetes: findings from a randomized controlled trial. Ann Behav Med 2012; 44: 207-215 EK Ib
- 175 Ellis SE, Speroff T, Dittus RS, Brown A, Pichert JW, Elasy TA. Diabetes patient education: A meta-analysis and metaregression. Patient Educ Couns 2004; 52: 97-105. EK Ib
- 176 Eppens MC, Craig ME, Jones TW, Silink M, Ong S, Ping YJ. Type 2 diabetes in youth from the Western Pacific region: Glycaemic control, diabetes care and complications. Curr Med Res Opin 2006; 22: 1013-1020. EK III
- 177 Erhart M, Holling H, Bettge S, Ravens-Sieberer U, Schlack R. Der Kinder- und Jugendgesundheitssurvey (KiGGS): Risiken und Ressourcen für die psychische Entwicklung von Kindern und Jugendlichen. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2007; 50: 800-809. EK III
- 178 European Medicines Agency (EMA) Outcome of review of new safety data on insulin glargine. http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/ document_library/Medicine_QA/2013/05/WC500 143 823.pdf. 2013;
- 179 European Society of Cardiology Leitlinien für das Management der arteriellen Hypertonie. ESC Pocket Guideline. http://leitlinien.dgk. org/files/2014_Pocket-Leitlinien_Arterielle_Hypertonie.pdf. 2013;
- 180 Fagot-Campagna A, Narayan KM, Imperatore G. Type 2 diabetes in children. BMJ 2001; 322: 377-378. EK III
- 181 Felber J, Aust D, Baas S, Bischoff S, Blaker H, Daum S, Keller R, Koletzko S, Laass M, Nothacker M, Roeb E, Schuppan D, Stallmach A. Ergebnisse einer S2k-Konsensuskonferenz der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Gastroenterologie, Verdauungs- und Stoffwechselerkrankungen (DGVS) gemeinsam mit der Deutschen Zöliakie-Gesellschaft (DZG) zur Zöliakie, Weizenallergie und Weizensensitivität. Z Gastroenterol 2014; 52: 711-743 EK IV
- 182 Feldt-Rasmussen B, Mathiesen ER, Jensen T, Lauritzen T, Deckert T. Effect of improved metabolic control on loss of kidney function in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients: an update of the Steno studies. Diabetologia 1991; 34: 164-170
- 183 Fendler W, Baranowska AI, Mianowska B, Szadkowska A, Mlynarski W. Three-year comparison of subcutaneous insulin pump treatment with multi-daily injections on HbA1c, its variability and hospital burden of children with type 1 diabetes. Acta Diabetol 2012; 49: 363-370. EK IIb
- 184 Ficociello LH, Perkins BA, Silva KH, Finkelstein DM, Ignatowska- Switalska H, Gaciong Z, Cupples LA, Aschengrau A, Warram JH. Krolewski AS. Determinants of progression from microalbuminuria to proteinuria in patients who have type 1 diabetes and are treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2007; 2: 461-469. EK IIb
- 185 Fiordalisi I, Novotny WE, Holbert D, Finberg L, Harris GD. An 18-yr prospective study of pediatric diabetic ketoacidosis: an approach to minimizing the risk of brain herniation during treatment. Pediatr Diabetes 2007; 8: 142-149. EK III
- 186 Flanagan SE, Edghill EL, Gloyn AL, Ellard S, Hattersley AT. Mutations in KCNJ11, which encodes Kir6.2, are a common cause of diabetes diagnosed in the first 6 months of life, with the phenotype determined by genotype. Diabetologia 2006; 49: 1190-1197. EK IIb-III
- 187 Flanagan SE, Patch AM, Mackay DJ, Edghill EL, Gloyn AL, Robinson D, Shield JP, Temple K, Ellard S, Hattersley AT. Mutations in ATP-sensitive K+channel genes cause transient neonatal diabetes and permanent diabetes in childhood or adulthood. Diabetes 2007; 56: 1930-1937. EK IIb-III
- 188 Forsander G, Persson B, Sundelin J, Berglund E, Snellman K, Hellstrom R. Metabolic control in children with insulin-dependent diabetesmellitus 5y after diagnosis. Early detection of patients at risk for poor metabolic control. Acta Paediatr 1998; 87: 857-864. EK III
- 189 Forsander GA, Sundelin J, Persson B. Influence of the initial management regimen and family social situation on glycemic control and medical care in children with type I diabetes mellitus. Acta Paediatr 2000; 89: 1462-1468 EK IIa
- 190 Franklin B, Liu J, Ginsberg-Fellner F. Cerebral edema and ophthalmoplegia reversed by mannitol in a new case of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Pediatrics 1982; 69: 87-90. EK III
- 191 Frost F, Dyce P, Nazareth D, Malone V, Walshaw MJ. Continuous glucose monitoring guided insulin therapy is associated with improved clinical outcomes in cystic fibrosisrelated diabetes. J Cyst Fibros 2018; 17 (06) 798-803
- 192 Fröhlich C, Hermann T, Koch S, Regling B, Schiel R, Stachow R, Holl R. Indikationen für eine stationäre. Rehabilitation von Kindern und Jugendlichen mit Typ-1-Diabetes – eine bundesweite "DPV-Wiss"-Analyse. Diabet Stoffw 2008; 93. EK III
- 193 Fröhlich-Reiterer EE, Hofer S, Kaspers S, Herbst A, Kordonouri O, Schwarz HP, Schober E, Grabert M, Holl RW. Screening frequency for celiac disease and autoimmune thyroiditis in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus–data from a German/Austrian multicentre survey. Pediatr Diabetes 2008; 9: 546-553. EK III
- 194 Fröhlich-Reiterer EE, Kaspers S, Hofer S, Schober E, Kordonouri O, Pozza SB, Holl RW. Anthropometry, metabolic control, and follow-up in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus and biopsy-proven celiac disease. J Pediatr 2011; 158: 589-593. EK III
- 195 Gaede P, Vedel P, Parving HH, Pedersen O. 21 Intensified multifactorial intervention in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and microalbuminuria: the Steno type 2 randomised study. Lancet 1999; 353: 617-622
- 196 Gage H, Hampson S, Skinner TC, Hart J, Storey L, Foxcroft D, Kimber A, Cradock S, McEvilly EA. Educational and psychosocial programmes for adolescents with diabetes: Approaches, outcomes and cost-effectiveness. Patient Educ Couns 2004; 53: 333-346. EK Ib
- 197 Gale EA, Bingley PJ, Emmett CL, Collier T. European Nicotinamide Diabetes Intervention Trial (ENDIT): A randomised controlled trial of intervention before the onset of type 1 diabetes. Lancet 2004; 363: 925-931. EK Ib
- 198 Gale EA, Gillespie KM. Diabetes and gender. Diabetologia 2001; 44: 3-15. EK IIb
- 199 Garg A.. High-monounsaturated-fat diets for patients with diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 1998; 67: 577S-582S EK Ia
- 200 Garin I, Edghill EL, Akerman I. Rubio-CabezasO Rica I, Locke JM, Maestro MA, Alshaikh A, Bundak R, del CG, Deeb A, Deiss D, Fernandez JM, Godbole K, Hussain K, O'Connell M, Klupa T, Kolouskova S, Mohsin F, Perlman K, Sumnik Z, Rial JM, Ugarte E, Vasanthi T, Johnstone K, Flanagan SE, Martinez R, Castano C, Patch AM, Fernandez-Rebollo E, Raile K, Morgan N, Harries LW, Castano L, Ellard S, Ferrer J, Perez de NG, Hattersley AT. Recessive mutations in the INS gene result in neonatal diabetes through reduced insulin biosynthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010; 107: 3105-3110
- 201 Gaudieri PA, Chen R, Greer TF, Holmes CS. Cognitive function in children with type 1 diabetes: A meta-analysis. Diabetes Care 2008; 31: 1892-1897. EK Ib
- 202 Gayes LA, Steele RG. A meta-analysis of motivational interviewing interventions for pediatric health behavior change. J Consult Clin Psychol 2014; 82: 521-535 EK Ia
- 203 Genuth S, Alberti KG, Bennett P, Buse J, Defronzo R, Kahn R, Kitzmiller J, Knowler WC, Lebovitz H, Lernmark A, Nathan D, Palmer J, Rizza R, Saudek C, Shaw J, Steffes M, Stern M, Tuomilehto J, Zimmet P. Follow-up report on the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2003; 26: 3160-3167
- 204 Gerstl EM. RablW Rosenbauer J, Grobe H, Hofer SE, Krause U, Holl RW. Metabolic control as reflected by HbA1c in children, adolescents and young adults with type-1 diabetes mellitus: combined longitudinal analysis including 27 035 patients from 207 centers in Germany and Austria during the last decade. Eur J Pediatr 2008; 167: 447-453. EK IIb-III
- 205 Gheissari A, Javanmard SH, Shirzadi R, Amini M, Khalili N. The effects of blocking Angiotensin receptors on early stages of diabetic nephropathy. Int J Prev Med 2012; 3: 477-482
- 206 Giacco R, Parillo M, Rivellese AA, Lasorella G, Giacco A, D'Episcopo L, Riccardi G. Long-term dietary treatment with increased amounts of fiber-rich low-glycemic index natural foods improves blood glucose control and reduces the number of hypoglycemic events in type 1 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 2000; 23: 1461-1466. EK Ib
- 207 Glaser N, Barnett P, McCaslin I, Nelson D, Trainor J, Louie J, Kaufman F, Quayle K, Roback M, Malley R, Kuppermann N. Risk factors for cerebral edema in children with diabetic ketoacidosis. The Pediatric Emergency Medicine Collaborative Research Committee of the American Academy of Pediatrics. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 264-269. EK III
- 208 Glaser NS, Wootton-Gorges SL, Buonocore MH, Marcin JP, Rewers A, Strain J, DiCarlo J, Neely EK, Barnes P, Kuppermann N. Frequency of sub-clinical cerebral edema in children with diabetic ketoacidosis. Pediatr Diabetes 2006; 7: 75-80. EK III
- 209 Glasgow RE, Fisher EB, Anderson BJ, LaGreca A, Marrero D, Johnson SB, Rubin RR, Cox DJ. Behavioral science in diabetes. Contributions and opportunities. Diabetes Care 1999; 22: 832-843 EK Ia
- 210 Gloyn AL, Diatloff-Zito C, Edghill EL, Bellanne-Chantelot C, Nivot S, Coutant R, Ellard S, Hattersley AT, Robert JJ. KCNJ11 activating mutations are associated with developmental delay, epilepsy and neonatal diabetes syndrome and other neurological features. Eur J Hum Genet 2006; 14: 824-830
- 211 Gloyn AL, Pearson ER, Antcliff JF, Proks P, Bruining GJ, Slingerland AS, Howard N, Srinivasan S, Silva JM, Molnes J, Edghill EL, Frayling TM, Temple IK, Mackay D, Shield JP, Sumnik Z, van Rhijn A, Wales JK, Clark P, Gorman S, Aisenberg J, Ellard S, Njolstad PR, Ashcroft FM, Hattersley AT. Activating mutations in the gene encoding the ATP-sensitive potassium-channel subunit Kir6.2 and permanent neonatal diabetes. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 1838-1849. EK III
- 212 Goebel-Fabbri AE, Fikkan J, Franko DL, Pearson K, Anderson BJ, Weinger K. Insulin restriction and associated morbidity and mortality in women with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2008; 31: 415-419. EK IIb
- 213 Golicki DT, Golicka D, Groele L, Pankowska E. Continuous Glucose Monitoring System in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetologia 2008; 51: 233-240. EK Ia
- 214 Gong M, Simaite D, Kuhnen P, Heldmann M, Spagnoli F, Blankenstein O, Hubner N, Hussain K, Raile K. Two novel GATA6 mutations cause childhood-onset diabetes mellitus, pancreas malformation and congenital heart disease. Horm Res Paediatr 2013; 79: 250-256
- 215 Gottschalk M, Danne T, Vlajnic A, Cara JF. Glimepiride vs. metformin as monotherapy in pediatric patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, single-blind comparative study. Diabetes Care 2007; 30: 790-794. EK Ib
- 216 Grabert M, Schweiggert F, Holl RW. A framework for diabetes documentation and quality management in Germany: 10 years of experience with DPV. Comput Methods Programs Biomed 2002; 69: 115-121. EK III
- 217 Graham DJ, Staffa JA, Shatin D, Andrade SE, Schech SD, La GL, Gurwitz JH, Chan KA, Goodman MJ, Platt R. Incidence of hospitalized rhabdomyolysis in patients treated with lipidlowering drugs. JAMA 2004; 292: 2585-2590. EK III
- 218 Green SM, Rothrock SG, Ho JD, Gallant RD, Borger R, Thomas TL, Zimmerman GJ. Failure of adjunctive bicarbonate to improve outcome in severe pediatric diabetic ketoacidosis. Ann Emerg Med 1998; 31: 41-48
- 219 Grey M, Boland EA, Davidson M, Li J, Tamborlane WV. Coping skills training for youth with diabetes mellitus has longlasting effects on metabolic control and quality of life. J Pediatr 2000; 137: 107-113 EK Ib
- 220 Grey M, Cameron ME, Lipman TH, Thurber FW. Psychosocial status of children with diabetes in the first 2 years after diagnosis. Diabetes Care 1995; 18: 1330-1336 EK IIb
- 221 Grey M, Cameron ME, Lipman TH, Thurber FW. Psychosocial status of children with diabetes in the first 2 years after diagnosis. Diabetes Care 1995; 18: 1330-1336. EK III
- 222 Grey M, Whittemore R, Jaser S, Ambrosino J, Lindemann E, Liberti L, Northrup V, Dziura J. Effects of coping skills training in school-age children with type 1 diabetes. Res Nurs Health 2009; 32: 405-418 EK Ib
- 223 Grey M, Whittemore R, Jeon S, Murphy K, Faulkner MS, Delamater A. Internet psycho-education programs improve outcomes in youth with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2013; 36: 2475-2482. EK Ib
- 224 Grulich-Henn J, Wagner V, Thon A, Schober E, Marg W, Kapellen TM, Haberland H, Raile K, Ellard S, Flanagan SE, Hattersley AT, Holl RW. Entities and frequency of neonatal diabetes: data fromthe diabetes documentation and quality management system (DPV). Diabet Med 2010; 27: 709-712. EK III
- 225 Haas L, Maryniuk M, Beck J, Cox CE, Duker P, Edwards L, Fisher EB, Hanson L, Kent D, Kolb L, McLaughlin S, Orzeck E, Piette JD, Rhinehart AS, Rothman R, Sklaroff S, Tomky D, Youssef G. National standards for diabetes self-management education and support. Diabetes Care 2014; 37 (Suppl 1) S144-S153. EK IV
- 226 Hale PJ, Crase J, Nattrass M. Metabolic effects of bicarbonate in the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed).1984: 289: 1035–1038. EK IIa
- 227 Hammes HP, Kerner W, Hofer S, Kordonouri O, Raile K, Holl RW. Diabetic retinopathy in type 1 diabetes-a contemporary analysis of 8784 patients. Diabetologia 2011; 54: 1977-1984
- 228 Hampson SE, Skinner TC, Hart J, Storey L, Gage H, Foxcroft D, Kimber A, Shaw K, Walker J. Effects of educational and psychosocial interventions for adolescents with diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Health Technol Assess 2001; 5: 1-79. EK Ia
- 229 Hanas R, Adolfsson P. Insulin pumps in pediatric routine care improve long-term metabolic control without increasing the risk of hypoglycemia. Pediatr Diabetes 2006; 7: 25-31. EK III
- 230 Hanas R, Lindgren F, Lindblad B. Diabetic ketoacidosis and cerebral oedema in Sweden–a 2-year paediatric population study. Diabet Med 2007; 24: 1080-1085. EK III
- 231 Hanberger L, Ludvigsson J, Nordfeldt S. Use of a web 2.0 portal to improve education and communication in young patients with families: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res 2013; 15: e175. EK Ib
- 232 Hansen D, Brock-Jacobsen B, Lund E, Bjorn C, Hansen LP, Nielsen C, Fenger C, Lillevang ST, Husby S. Clinical benefit of a gluten-free diet in type 1 diabetic children with screeningdetected celiac disease: A population-based screening study with 2 years follow-up.Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 2452-2456. EK IIa
- 233 Harris MA, Freeman KA, Beers M. Family therapy for adolescents with poorly controlled diabetes: initial test of clinical significance. J Pediatr Psychol 2009; 34: 1097-1107. EK IIb
- 234 Hattersley A, Bruining J, Shield J, Njolstad P, Donaghue K. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2006 – 2007. The diagnosis and management of monogenic diabetes in children. Pediatr Diabetes 2006; 7: 352-360 EK IV
- 235 Haugstvedt A, Wentzel-Larsen T, Graue M, Sovik O, Rokne B. Fear of hypoglycaemia in mothers and fathers of children with Type 1 diabetes is associated with poor glycaemic control and parental emotional distress: a population-based study. Diabet Med 2010; 27: 72-78. EK IIb
- 236 Haugstvedt A, Wentzel-Larsen T, Rokne B, Graue M. Perceived family burden and emotional distress: similarities and differences between mothers and fathers of children with type 1 diabetes in a population-based study. Pediatr Diabetes 2011; 12: 107-114. EK IIb
- 237 Hecker W, Bartus B, Heinze E, Holl RW. Stoffwechseleinstellung des Diabetes mellitus Typ 1 bei Kindern und Jugendlichen deutscher und ausländischer Herkunft. Diabet Stoffw 1998; 5: 177-180. EK III
- 238 Hecker W, Grabert M, Holl RW. Quality of paediatric IDDMcare in Germany: a multicentre analysis. German Paediatric Diabetology Group. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 1999. 12 31-38. EK III
- 239 Helgeson VS, Reynolds KA, Becker D, Escobar O, Siminerio L. Relations of behavioral autonomy to health outcomes among emerging adults with and without type 1 diabetes. J Pediatr Psychol 2014; 39: 1126-1137. EK III
- 240 Helgeson VS, Siminerio L, Escobar O, Becker D. Predictors of metabolic control among adolescents with diabetes: a 4-year longitudinal study. J Pediatr Psychol 2009; 34: 254-270. EK III
- 241 Helgeson VS, Snyder PR, Escobar O, Siminerio L, Becker D. Comparison of adolescents with and without diabetes on indices of psychosocial functioning for three years. J Pediatr Psychol 2007; 32: 794-806. EK IIb
- 242 Helgeson VS, Viccaro L, Becker D, Escobar O, Siminerio L. Diet of adolescents with and without diabetes: Trading candy for potato chips?. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 982-987 EK III
- 243 Hellems MA, Clarke WL.. Safe at school: a Virginia experience. Diabetes Care 2007; 30: 1396-1398. EK III
- 244 Hermann JM, Hammes HP, Rami-Merhar B, Rosenbauer J, Schutt M, Siegel E, Holl RW. HbA1c variability as an independent risk factor for diabetic retinopathy in type 1 diabetes: a German/Austrian multicenter analysis on 35 891 patients. PLoS One 2014; 9: e91 137
- 245 Herzer M, Hood KK. Anxiety symptoms in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: association with blood glucose monitoring and glycemic control. J Pediatr Psychol 2010; 35: 415-425. EK III
- 246 Herzer M, Vesco A, Ingerski LM, Dolan LM, Hood KK. Explaining the family conflict-glycemic control link through psychological variables in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. J Behav Med 2011; 34: 268-274 EK III
- 247 Hieftje K, Edelman EJ, Camenga DR, Fiellin LE. Electronic media-based health interventions promoting behavior change in youth: a systematic review. JAMA Pediatr 2013; 167: 574-580. EK Ia
- 248 Hill ID, Dirks MH, Liptak GS, Colletti RB, Fasano A, Guandalini S, Hoffenberg EJ, Horvath K, Murray JA, Pivor M, Seidman EG. Guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of celiac disease in children: Recommendations of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2005; 40: 1-19 EK III
- 249 Hilliard ME, Herzer M, Dolan LM, Hood KK. Psychological screening in adolescents with type 1 diabetes predicts outcomes one year later. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2011; 94: 39-44. EK III
- 250 Hirsch IB, Abelseth J, Bode BW, Fischer JS, Kaufman FR, Mastrototaro J, Parkin CG, Wolpert HA, Buckingham BA. Sensor-augmented insulin pump therapy: results of the first randomized treat-to-target study. Diabetes Technol Ther 2008; 10: 377-383. EK Ib
- 251 Hoey H. Psychosocial factors are associated with metabolic control in adolescents: research from the Hvidoere Study Group on Childhood Diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2009; 10 Suppl 13 9-14. EK IIb
- 252 Holl RW, Grabert M. Versorgung von Kindern und Jugendlichen mit Diabetes – Entwicklungen der letzten 19 Jahre, In: Deutsche Diabetes-Hilfe, editor. Gesundheitsbericht Diabetes 2015 2015; S 128-138. EK III
- 253 Holl RW, Grabert M, Heinze E, Sorgo W, Debatin KM. Age at onset and long-termmetabolic control affect height in type-1 diabetes mellitus. Eur J Pediatr 1998; 157: 972-977 EK III
- 254 Holl RW, Heinze E. Dawn- oder Somogyi-Phänomen? Hohe morgendliche Nüchternblutzuckerwerte bei jugendlichen Typ-1-Diabetikern. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1992; 117: 1503-1507. EK III
- 255 Holl RW, Lang GE, Grabert M, Heinze E, Lang GK, Debatin KM. Diabetic retinopathy in pediatric patients with type-1 diabetes: effect of diabetes duration, prepubertal and pubertal onset of diabetes, and metabolic control. J Pediatr 1998; 132: 790-794. EK III
- 256 Holl RW, Pavlovic M, Heinze E, Thon A. Circadian blood pressure during the early course of type 1 diabetes. Analysis of 1011 ambulatory blood pressure recordings in 354 adolescents and young adults. Diabetes Care 1999; 22: 1151-1157. EK III
- 257 Holl RW, Wolf A, Heinze E, Teller WM. Nicht-immunologisch bedingte Formen des Diabetes mellitus bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 1997; 145: 159-176. EK III
- 258 Hölling H, Erhart M, Ravens-Sieberer U, Schlack R. Verhaltensauffälligkeiten bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. Erste Ergebnisse aus dem Kinder- und Jugendgesundheitssurvey (KiGGS). Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2007; 50: 784-793. EK III
- 259 Hölling H, Schlack R. Essstörungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter. Erste Ergebnisse aus dem Kinder- und Jugendgesundheitssurvey (KiGGS). Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2007; 50: 794-799. EK III
- 260 Hölling H, Schlack R, Petermann F, Ravens-Sieberer U, Mauz E. Psychische Auffälligkeiten und psychosoziale Beeinträchtigungen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen im Alter von 3 bis 17 Jahren in Deutschland – Prävalenz und zeitliche Trends zu 2 Erhebungszeitpunkten (2003 – 2006 und 2009 – 2012). Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2014; 57: 807-819 EK IIb
- 261 Holman RR, Paul SK, Bethel MA, Matthews DR, Neil HA. 10-year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008; 359: 1577-1589. EK Ib
- 262 Holmes CS, Chen R, Streisand R, Marschall DE, Souter S, Swift EE, Peterson CC. Predictors of youth diabetes care behaviors and metabolic control: a structural equation modeling approach. J Pediatr Psychol 2006; 31: 770-784. EK III
- 263 Holterhus PM, Odendahl R, Oesingmann S, Lepler R, Wagner V, Hiort O, Holl R. Classification of distinct baseline insulin infusion patterns in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes on continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion therapy. Diabetes Care 2007; 30: 568-573. EK IIb-III
- 264 Hommel E, Olsen B, Battelino T, Conget I, Schutz-Fuhrmann I, Hoogma R, Schierloh U, Sulli N, Gough H, Castaneda J, de PS, Bolinder J. Impact of continuous glucose monitoring on quality of life, treatment satisfaction, and use of medical care resources: analyses from the SWITCH study. Acta Diabetol 2014; 51: 845-851. EK Ib
- 265 Hood KK, Huestis S, Maher A, Butler D, Volkening L, Laffel LM. Depressive symptoms in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: association with diabetes-specific characteristics. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 1389-1391. EK III
- 266 Hood KK, Rausch JR, Dolan LM. Depressive symptoms predict change in glycemic control in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: rates, magnitude, and moderators of change. Pediatr Diabetes 2011; 12: 718-723. EK III
- 267 Hood KK, Rohan JM, Peterson CM, Drotar D. Interventions with adherence-promoting components in pediatric type 1 diabetes: meta-analysis of their impact on glycemic control. Diabetes Care 2010; 33: 1658-1664. EK Ia
- 268 Horsch A, McManus F, Kennedy P, Edge J. Anxiety, depressive, and posttraumatic stress symptoms in mothers of children with type 1 diabetes. J Trauma Stress 2007; 20: 881-891. EK III
- 269 Hovorka R, Elleri D, Thabit H, Allen JM, Leelarathna L, El- Khairi R, Kumareswaran K, Caldwell K, Calhoun P, Kollman C, Murphy HR, Acerini CL, Wilinska ME, Nodale M, Dunger DB. Overnight closed-loop insulin delivery in young people with type 1 diabetes: a free-living, randomized clinical trial. Diabetes Care 2014; 37: 1204-1211. EK Ib
- 270 Howell WH, McNamara DJ, Tosca MA, Smith BT, Gaines JA. Plasma lipid and lipoprotein responses to dietary fat and cholesterol: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 1997; 65: 1747-1764. EK Ia
- 271 Hu FB, Cho E, Rexrode KM, Albert CM, Manson JE. Fish and long-chain omega-3 fatty acid intake and risk of coronary heart disease and total mortality in diabetic women. Circulation 2003; 107: 1852-1857. EK III
- 272 Hürter A, Otten A. Familien mit diabetischen Kindern und Jugendlichen: Psychische und soziale Probleme und der Wunsch nach psychologischer Hilfe im Vergleich mit anderen chronischen Erkrankungen. In: Roth R, Borkenstein M, editors. Psychosoziale Aspekte in der Betreuung von Kindern und Jugendlichen mit Diabetes, Karger, Basel; 1991: S 150–159. EK III
- 273 Hürter P, Bürger W, Schober E, Holl R, Klinghammer A. Qualitätssicherung in der Pädiatrischen Diabetologie. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 1995; 143: 1146-1149. EK IV
- 274 Hürter P, von SchützW Lange K. Kinder und Jugendlichemit Diabetes. Medizinischer und psychologischer Ratgeber für Eltern. 3. Aufl ed. Springer; Berlin: 2012
- 275 Husby S, Koletzko S, Korponay-Szabo IR, Mearin ML, Phillips A, Shamir R, Troncone R, Giersiepen K, Branski D, Catassi C, Lelgeman M, Maki M, Ribes-Koninckx C, Ventura A, Zimmer KP. European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition guidelines for the diagnosis of coeliac disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2012; 54: 136-160. EK IV
- 276 Hutchinson A, McIntosh A, Peters J, O'Keeffe C, Khunti K, Baker R, Booth A.. Effectiveness of screening and monitoring tests for diabetic retinopathy–a systematic review. Diabet Med 2000; 17: 495-506. EK IIa
- 277 Icks A, Razum O, Rosenbauer J, Bachle C, Hungele A, Monkemoller K, Muller-Godeffroy E, Heidtmann B, Kapellen T, Scheuing N, Holl RW. Lower frequency of insulin pump treatment in children and adolescents of Turkish background with type 1 diabetes: analysis of 21 497 patients in Germany. Diabetes Technol Ther 2012; 14: 1105-1109. EK IIb
- 278 Icks A, Rosenbauer J, Holl RW, Giani G. Increased hospitalization with longer distance from treatment centre in diabetic paediatric patients in Germany. Diabetologia 2001; 44: 1068-1069. EK IIb-III
- 279 Icks A, Rosenbauer J, Strassburger K, Grabert M, Giani G, Holl RW. Persistent social disparities in the risk of hospital admission of paediatric diabetic patients in Germany-prospective data from 1277 diabetic children and adolescents. Diabet Med 2007; 24: 440-442. EK III
- 280 Ingerski LM, Laffel L, Drotar D, Repaske D, Hood KK. Correlates of glycemic control and quality of life outcomes in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2010; 11: 563-571. EK III
- 281 Institut für Qualität und Wirtschaftlichkeit im Gesundheitswesen (IQWiG) Kurzwirksame Insulinanaloga zur Behandlung des Diabetes mellitus Typ 1. Abschlussbericht. Auftrag A05 – 02. Version 1.0. Stand: 30.03.2007, IQWiG, Köln. 2007;
- 282 International Hypoglycaemia Study Group. Glucose concentrations of less than 3.0mmol/L (54mg/dL) should be reported in clinical trials: A joint position statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2017; 40: 155-157
- 283 International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes (ISPAD). Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2014. Pediatr Diabetes 2014; 15: 1-290
- 284 Irgens HU, Molnes J, Johansson BB, Ringdal M, Skrivarhaug T, Undlien DE, Sovik O, Joner G, Molven A, Njolstad PR. Prevalence of monogenic diabetes in the population-based Norwegian Childhood Diabetes Registry. Diabetologia 2013; 56: 1512-1519
- 285 Jacobson AM, Hauser ST, Lavori P, Willett JB, Cole CF, Wolfsdorf JI, Dumont RH, Wertlieb D. Family environment and glycemic control: a four-year prospective study of children and adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Psychosom Med 1994; 56: 401-409. EK III
- 286 Jacobson AM, Hauser ST, Willett J, Wolfsdorf JI, Herman L. Consequences of irregular vs. continuous medical follow- up in children and adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Pediatr 1997; 131: 727-733. EK III
- 287 Jacobson AM, Musen G, Ryan CM, Silvers N, Cleary P, Waberski B, Burwood A, Weinger K, Bayless M. DahmsW Harth J. Longterm effect of diabetes and its treatment on cognitive function. N Engl J Med 2007; 356: 1842-1852. EK Ib
- 288 Janner M, Knill SE, Diem P, Zuppinger KA, Mullis PE. Persistent microalbuminuria in adolescents with type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus is associated to early rather than late puberty. Results of a prospective longitudinal study. Eur J Pediatr 1994; 153: 403-408. EK IIb
- 289 Jefferies C, Solomon M, Perlman K, Sweezey N, Daneman D. Continuous glucose monitoring in adolescents with cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr 2005; 147: 396-398. EK IIb
- 290 Jefferson IG, Swift PG, Skinner TC, Hood GK. Diabetes services in the UK: third national survey confirms continuing deficiencies. Arch Dis Child 2003; 88: 53-56. EK III
- 291 Jeitler K, Horvath K, Berghold A, Gratzer TW, Neeser K, Pieber TR, Siebenhofer A. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion vs. multiple daily insulin injections in patients with diabetes mellitus: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetologia 2008; 51: 941-951 Ia
- 292 Johansson S, Irgens H, Chudasama KK, Molnes J, Aerts J, Roque FS, Jonassen I, Levy S, Lima K, Knappskog PM, Bell GI, Molven A, Njolstad PR. Exome sequencing and genetic testing for MODY. PLoS One 2012; 7: e38 050
- 293 Jones CA, Leese GP, Kerr S, Bestwick K, Isherwood DI, Vora JP, Hughes DA, Smith C. Development and progression of microalbuminuria in a clinic sample of patients with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Arch Dis Child 1998; 78: 518-523. EK III
- 294 Jones KL, Arslanian S, Peterokova VA, Park JS, Tomlinson MJ. Effect of metformin in pediatric patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care 2002; 25: 89-94. EK Ib
- 295 Kalk WJ, Osler C, Constable J, Kruger M, Panz V. Influence of dietary protein on glomerular filtration and urinary albumin excretion in insulin-dependent diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr 1992; 56: 169-173. EK III
- 296 Kapellen T, Vogel C, Telleis D, Siekmeyer M, Kiess W. Treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) with 2 different regimens regarding fluid substitution and insulin dosage (0.025 vs. 0.1 units/kg/h). Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2012; 120: 273-276. EK III
- 297 Kapellen TM, Klinkert C, Heidtmann B, Jakisch B, Haberland H, Hofer SE, Holl RW. Insulin pump treatment in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: experiences of the German working group for insulin pump treatment in pediatric patients. Postgrad Med 2010; 122: 98-105
- 298 Karges B, Muche R, Knerr I, Ertelt W, Wiesel T, Hub R, Neu A, Klinghammer A, Aufschild J, Rapp A, Schirbel A, Boehm BO, Debatin KM, Heinze E, Karges W. Levothyroxine in euthyroid autoimmune thyroiditis and type 1 diabetes: A randomized, controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92: 1647-1652. EK Ib
- 299 Karges B, Rosenbauer J, Holterhus PM, Beyer P, Seithe H, Vogel C, Bockmann A, Peters D, Muther S, Neu A, Holl RW. Hospital admission for diabetic ketoacidosis or severe hypoglycemia in 31 330 young patients with type 1 diabetes. Eur J Endocrinol 2015; 173: 341-350. EK III
- 300 Karges B, Rosenbauer J, Kapellen T, Wagner VM, Schober E, Karges W, Holl RW. Hemoglobin A1c Levels and risk of severe hypoglycemia in children and young adults with type 1 diabetes from Germany and Austria: A trend analysis in a cohort of 37 539 patients between 1995 and 2012. PLoS Med 2014; 11: e1001 742. EK III
- 301 Karges B, Schwandt A, Heidtmann B. et al. Association of Insulin Pump Therapy vs. Insulin Injection Therapy With Severe Hypoglycemia, Ketoacidosis, and Glycemic Control Among Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults With Type 1 Diabetes. JAMA 2017; Oct 10 318 (14) 1358-1366 doi: 10.1001/jama.2017.13994
- 302 Katan MB, Zock PL, Mensink RP. Dietary oils, serum lipoproteins, and coronary heart disease. Am J Clin Nutr 1995; 61: 1368S-1373S. EK Ia
- 303 Katz ML, Volkening LK, Butler DA, Anderson BJ, Laffel LM. Family-based psychoeducation and Care Ambassador intervention to improve glycemic control in youth with type 1 diabetes: a randomized trial. Pediatr Diabetes 2014; 15: 142-150. EK Ib
- 304 Keane S, Gallagher A, Ackroyd S, McShane MA, Edge JA. Cerebral venous thrombosis during diabetic ketoacidosis. Arch Dis Child 2002; 86: 204-205. EK IV
- 305 Kellerer M, Danne T. Praxis-Leitlinien der Deutschen Diabetes Gesellschaft. Diabet Stoffw 2010; 5: S107-S108
- 306 Kellerer M, Siegel E., Hrsg. Praxisleitlinien der Deutschen Diabetes Gesellschaft. Diabet Stoffw. 2014; 9: S95–S228
- 307 Kempf K, Rathmann W, Herder C. Impaired glucose regulation and type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2008; 24: 427-437 EK IIb-III
- 308 Kiess W, Bottner A, Raile K, Kapellen T, Muller G, Galler A, Paschke R, Wabitsch M. Type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents: a review from a European perspective. Horm Res 2003; 59 (Suppl. 01) 77-84. EK III
- 309 Kilpatrick ES, Rigby AS, Atkin SL. The effect of glucose variability on the risk of microvascular complications in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 1486-1490 EK IIa
- 310 Kintzel R, Holl R, Haberland H, Grabert M, Dost A. Die diabetische Ketoazidose bei Erkrankungsbeginn im Kindes- und Jugendalter in der Bundesrepublik. Diab Stoffw 2003; 12: 8-12. EK IIb
- 311 Klupa T, Kowalska I, Wyka K, Skupien J, Patch AM, Flanagan SE, Noczynska A, Arciszewska M, Ellard S, Hattersley AT, Sieradzki J, Mlynarski W, Malecki MT. Mutations in the ABCC8 gene are associated with a variable clinical phenotype. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2008. EK III
- 312 Knerr I, Dost A, Lepler R, Raile K, Schober E, Rascher W, Holl RW. Tracking and prediction of arterial blood pressure from childhood to young adulthood in 868 patients with type 1 diabetes: A multicenter longitudinal survey in Germany and Austria. Diabetes Care 2008; 31: 726-727 EK IIb-III
- 313 Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, Hamman RF, Lachin JM, Walker EA, Nathan DM. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 393-403. EK Ib
- 314 Koch C, Rainisio M, Madessani U, Harms HK, Hodson ME, Mastella G, McKenzie SG, Navarro J, Strandvik B. Presence of cystic fibrosis-related diabetes mellitus is tightly linked to poor lung function in patients with cystic fibrosis: data from the European Epidemiologic Registry of Cystic Fibrosis. Pediatr Pulmonol 2001; 32: 343-350 EK III
- 315 Koletzko B, Broekaert I, Kreuder J, Cremer P, Schwab O. Leitlinien zur Diagnostik und Therapie von Hyperlipidämien bei Kindern und Jugendlichen, APS. 2007;
- 316 Kongkaew C, Jampachaisri K, Chaturongkul CA, Scholfield CN. Depression and adherence to treatment in diabetic children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Eur J Pediatr 2014; 173: 203-212 EK Ia
- 317 Konrad K, Scheuing N, Badenhoop K, Borkenstein MH, Gohlke B, Schofl C, Seufert J, Thon A, Holl RW. Cystic fibrosis- related diabetes compared with type 1 and type 2 diabetes in adults. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2013; 29: 568-575
- 318 Konrad K, Thon A, Fritsch M, Frohlich-Reiterer E, Lilienthal E, Wudy SA, Holl RW. Comparison of cystic fibrosis-related diabetes with type 1 diabetes based on a German/Austrian Pediatric Diabetes Registry. Diabetes Care 2013; 36: 879-886. EK III
- 319 Kordonouri O, Biester T, Schnell K, Hartmann R, Tsioli C, Fath M, Datz N, Danne T. Lipoatrophy in children with type 1 diabetes: An increasing incidence?. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2015; 9: 206-208 EK III
- 320 Kordonouri O, Charpentier N, Hartmann R. GADA positivity at onset of type 1 diabetes is a risk factor for the development of autoimmune thyroiditis. Pediatr Diabetes 2011; 12: 31-33. EK IIb
- 321 Kordonouri O, Deiss D, Danne T, Dorow A, Bassir C, Gruters- Kieslich A. Predictivity of thyroid autoantibodies for the development of thyroid disorders in children and adolescents with Type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med 2002; 19: 518-521. EK III
- 322 Kordonouri O, Hartmann R, Lauterborn R, Barnekow C, Hoeffe J, Deiss D. Age-specific advantages of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion as compared with multiple daily injections in pediatric patients: one-year follow-up comparison by matched-pair analysis. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 133-134. EK IIa
- 323 Kordonouri O, Klingensmith G, Knip M, Holl RW, Aanstoot HJ, Menon PS, Craig ME. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2014. Other complications and diabetes-associated conditions in children and adolescents. Pediatr Diabetes 2014; 15: 270-278. EK IV
- 324 Kordonouri O, Klinghammer A, Lang EB, Gruters-Kieslich A, Grabert M, Holl RW. Thyroid autoimmunity in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: A multicenter survey. Diabetes Care 2002; 25: 1346-1350. EK III
- 325 Kordonouri O, Maguire AM, Knip M, Schober E, Lorini R, Holl RW, Donaghue K. Other complications and associated conditions, In: International Diabetes Federation (IDF), editor: Global IDF/ISPADGuideline for Diabetes in Childhood and Adolescence Brussels 2011; S 124-128. EK IV
- 326 Kordonouri O, Maguire AM, Knip M, Schober E, Lorini R, Holl RW, Donaghue KC. ISPADClinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2006 – 2007. Other complications and associated conditions. Pediatr Diabetes 2007; 8: 171-176
- 327 Kordonouri O, Maguire AM, Knip M, Schober E, Lorini R, Holl RW, Donaghue KC. ISPADClinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2006 – 2007. Other complications and associated conditions. Pediatr Diabetes 2007; 8: 171-176. EK IV
- 328 Korhonen T, Huttunen JK, Aro A, Hentinen M, Ihalainen O, Majander H, Siitonen O, Uusitupa M, Pyorala K. A controlled trial on the effects of patient education in the treatment of insulin-dependent diabetes. Diabetes Care 1983; 6: 256-261. EK Ib
- 329 Koster JC, Cadario F, Peruzzi C, Colombo C, Nichols CG, Barbetti F. The G53D mutation in Kir6.2 (KCNJ11) is associated with neonatal diabetes and motor dysfunction in adulthood that is improved with sulfonylurea therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93: 1054-1061. EK III
- 330 Kovacs M, Feinberg TL, Paulauskas S, Finkelstein R, Pollock M, Crouse-Novak M. Initial coping responses and psychosocial characteristics of children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Pediatr 1985; 106: 827-834. EK III
- 331 Kovacs M, Ho V, Pollock MH. Criterion and predictive validity of the diagnosis of adjustment disorder: a prospective study of youths with new-onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152: 523-528 EK III
- 332 Kovacs M, Iyengar S, Goldston D, Obrosky DS, Stewart J, Marsh J. Psychological functioning among mothers of children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a longitudinal study. J Consult Clin Psychol 1990; 58: 189-195. EK III
- 333 Kromeyer-Hauschild K, Wabitsch M, Kunze D, Geller F, Geiß HC, Hesse V, von Hippel A, Jaeger U, Johnsen D. KorteW Menner K, Müller G, Müller JM, Niemann-Pilatus A, Remer T, Schaefer F, Wittchen HU, Zabransky S, Zellner K, Ziegler A, Hebebrand J. Perzentile für den Body-mass-Index für das Kindes- und Jugendalter unter Heranziehung verschiedener deutscher Stichproben. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 2001; 149: 807-818. EK III
- 334 Kulzer B, Albus C, Herpertz S, Kruse J, Lange K, Lederbogen F, Petrak F. Psychosoziales und Diabetes (Teil 1). S2-Leitlinie Psychosoziales und Diabetes – Langfassung. Diabet Stoffw 2013; 8: 198-242. EK IV
- 335 Kulzer B, Albus C, Herpertz S, Kruse J, Lange K, Lederbogen F, Petrak F. Psychosoziales und Diabetes (Teil 2). S2-Leitlinie Psychosoziales und Diabetes – Langfassung. Diabet Stoffw 2013; 8: 292-324. EK IV
- 336 Kurth BM, Schaffrath RA. Die Verbreitung von Übergewicht und Adipositas bei Kindern und Jugendlichen in Deutschland. Ergebnisse des bundesweiten Kinder- und Jugendgesundheitssurveys (KiGGS). Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2007; 50: 736-743. EK III
- 337 l'Allemand D, Wiegand S, Reinehr T, Muller J, Wabitsch M, Widhalm K, Holl R. Cardiovascular risk in 26 008 European overweight children as established by a multicenter database. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008; 16: 1672-1679. EK IIb-III
- 338 Laffel LM, Limbert C, Phelan H, Virmani A, Wood J, Hofer SE. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consen-sus Guidelines 2018: Sick day management in children andadolescents with diabetes. PediatrDiabetes 2018; 19 (Suppl. 27) 193-204 doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/pedi.12741
- 339 Laffel LM, Vangsness L, Connell A, Goebel-Fabbri A, Butler D, Anderson BJ. Impact of ambulatory, family-focused teamwork intervention on glycemic control in youth with type 1 diabetes. J Pediatr 2003; 142: 409-416. EK IIb
- 340 Laffel LM, Vangsness L, Connell A, Goebel-Fabbri A, Butler D, Anderson BJ. Impact of ambulatory, family-focused teamwork intervention on glycemic control in youth with type 1 diabetes. J Pediatr 2003; 142: 409-416. EK IIa
- 341 Laffel LM, Wentzell K, Loughlin C, Tovar A, Moltz K, Brink S. Sick day management using blood 3-hydroxybutyrate (3- OHB) compared with urine ketone monitoring reduces hospital visits in young people with T1DM: A randomized clinical trial. Diabet Med 2006; 23: 278-284. EK Ib
- 342 Laguna TA, Nathan BM, Moran A. Managing diabetes in cystic fibrosis. Diabetes Obes Metab 2010; 12: 858-864 EK IV
- 343 Lampeter EF, Klinghammer A, Scherbaum WA, Heinze E, Haastert B, Giani G, Kolb H. The Deutsche Nicotinamide Intervention Study: an attempt to prevent type 1 diabetes. DENIS Group. Diabetes 1998; 47: 980-984. EK Ib
- 344 Landolt MA, Ribi K, Laimbacher J, Vollrath M, Gnehm HE, Sennhauser FH. Posttraumatic stress disorder in parents of children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes. J Pediatr Psychol 2002; 27: 647-652 EK III
- 345 Lange K, Burger W, Holl R, Hürter P, Sassmann H, von Schütz W, Danne T. Diabetes bei Jugendlichen: Ein Schulungsprogramm, Kirchheim, Mainz 2009
- 346 Lange K, Danne T, Kordonouri O, Berndt V, Muller B, Schwarz HP, Hesse V, Busse-Widmann P. Diabetesmanifestation im Kindesalter: Alltagsbelastungen und berufliche Entwicklung der Eltern. Dtsch MedWochenschr 2004; 129: 1130-1134 EK III
- 347 Lange K, Hildebrandt S, Danne T. Diabetesversorgung in der Pädiatrie – Leitlinien und Realität. Ergebnisse zweier bundesweiter Umfragen von 1998 und 2003. Dtsch Arztebl 2007; 104: A-2121-2126. EK III
- 348 Lange K, Hürter P. Effekte einer strukturierten Diabetesschulung für Jugendliche auf Stoffwechsel, Wissen, Wohlbefinden und Selbständigkeit – Ergebnisse einer multizentrischen Studie. Diabet Stoffw 1998; 7: 62. EK IIb
- 349 Lange K, Kinderling S, Hürter P. Eine multizentrische Studie zur Prozess- und Ergebnisqualität eines strukturierten Schulungsprogramms. Diabet Stoffw 2001; 10: 59-65. EK III
- 350 Lange K, Kleine T, Danne T. Initialschulung für Eltern von Kindern mit Diabetes: Aufwand und Effekte bei Kindern und Eltern. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2011; 136: 1106-1110. EK IIb
- 351 Lange K, Klotmann S, Sassmann H, Aschemeier B, Wintergerst E, Gerhardsson P, Kordonouri O, Szypowska A, Danne T. A pediatric diabetes toolbox for creating centres of reference. Pediatr Diabetes 2012; 13: 49-61. EK IV
- 352 Lange K, Matthaei S, Lueg A, Lutze B, Roelver KM. Life chances (“Lebenschancen”) of young adults with onset of type 1 diabetes during Childhood. Pediatric Diabetes 2013; 14: 35. EK IIb
- 353 Lange K, Remus K, Bläsig S, Lösch-Binder M, Neu A, von Schütz W. Diabetes bei Kindern: ein Behandlungs- und Schulungsprogramm, Kirchheim, Mainz 2013
- 354 Lange K, Stachow U, Kurzinsky R, Holl R, Hürter P. Pädiatrische Betreuung von Kindern und Jugendlichen mit Diabetes. Eine bundesweite Umfrage der Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Pädiatrische Diabetologie in der Deutschen Diabetes-Gesellschaft und der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Kinderheilkunde und Jugendmedizin. Diabet Stoffw 2002; 11: 14-22. EK III
- 355 Lange K, Swift P, Pankowska E, Danne T. Diabetes education in children and adolescents. Pediatric Diabetes 2014; 15: 77-85. EK IV
- 356 Lange K, Swift P, Pankowska E, Danne T. ISPADClinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2014. Diabetes education in children and adolescents. Pediatr Diabetes 2014; 15 Suppl 20 77-85. EK IV
- 357 Lange K, von Schütz W, Neu A, Lösch-Binder M, Remus K, Bläsig S, Sassmann H. Diabetesschulung. Schulungsprogramme und Curricula für Kinder, Jugendliche mit Typ 1 Diabetes, deren Eltern und andere Betreuer, Pabst, Lengerich. 2014
- 358 Lango Allen H., Flanagan SE, Shaw-Smith C, De FE, Akerman I, Caswell R, Ferrer J, Hattersley AT, Ellard S. GATA6 haploinsufficiency causes pancreatic agenesis in humans. Nat Genet 2012; 44: 20-22
- 359 Lanng S, Thorsteinsson B, Lund-Andersen C, Nerup J, Schiotz PO, Koch C. Diabetes mellitus in Danish cystic fibrosis patients: prevalence and late diabetic complications. Acta Paediatr 1994; 83: 72-77. EK IIb-III
- 360 Lanng S, Thorsteinsson B, Nerup J, Koch C. Influence of the development of diabetes mellitus on clinical status in patients with cystic fibrosis. Eur J Pediatr 1992; 151: 684-687. EK III
- 361 Laron Z, Galatzer A, Amir S, Gil R, Karp M, Mimouni M. A multidisciplinary, comprehensive, ambulatory treatment scheme for diabetes mellitus in children. Diabetes Care 1979; 2: 342-348. EK III
- 362 Larsson K, Carlsson A, Cederwall E, Jonsson B, Neiderud J, Jonsson B, Lernmark A, Ivarsson SA. Annual screening detects celiac disease in children with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2008; 9: 354-359. EK IIb
- 363 Lawrence JM, Standiford DA, Loots B, Klingensmith GJ, Williams DE, Ruggiero A, Liese AD, Bell RA, Waitzfelder BE, McKeown RE. Prevalence and correlates of depressed mood among youth with diabetes: the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study. Pediatrics 2006; 117: 1348-1358. EK IIb
- 364 Lawrence JM, Standiford DA, Loots B, Klingensmith GJ, Williams DE, Ruggiero A, Liese AD, Bell RA, Waitzfelder BE, McKeown RE. Prevalence and correlates of depressed mood among youth with diabetes: the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study. Pediatrics 2006; 117: 1348-1358. EK IV
- 365 Lazarus J, Brown RS, Daumerie C, Hubalewska-Dydejczyk A, Negro R, Vaidya B. 2014 European thyroid association guidelines for the management of subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy and in children. Eur Thyroid J 2014; 3: 76-94. EK IV
- 366 Lehmkuhl HD, Storch EA, Cammarata C, Meyer K, Rahman O, Silverstein J, Malasanos T, Geffken G. Telehealth behavior therapy for the management of type 1 diabetes in adolescents. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2010; 4: 199-208. EK Ib
- 367 Levene LS, McNally PG, Fraser RC, Lowy AGJ. What characteristics are associated with screening positive for microalbuminuria in patients with diabetes in the community?. Pract Diabet Int 2004; 21: 287-292 EK III
- 368 Levin DL. Cerebral edema in diabetic ketoacidosis. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2008; 9: 320-329. EK III
- 369 Levy-Marchal C, Patterson CC, Green A. Geographical variation of presentation at diagnosis of type I diabetes in children: the EURODIAB study. European and Dibetes. Diabetologia 2001; 44 Suppl 3 B75-B80. EK III
- 370 Levy-Shraga Y, Elisha N, Ben-Ami M, Boyko V, Lerner-Geva L, Ziv T, Konvalina N, Cohen O, Pinhas-Hamiel O. Glycemic control and clinic attendance of emerging adults with type 1 diabetes at a transition care clinic. Acta Diabetol 2015. EK III
- 371 Lewis HM, Renaula TL, Garioch JJ, Leonard JN, Fry JS, Collin P, Evans D, Fry L. Protective effect of gluten-free diet against development of lymphoma in dermatitis herpetiformis. Br J Dermatol 1996; 135: 363-367. EK IIa
- 372 Liberatore Jr. RR, Barbosa SF, Alkimin MG, Bellinati-Pires R, Florido MP, Isaac L, Kirschfink M, Grumach AS. Is immunity in diabetic patients influencing the susceptibility to infections? Immunoglobulins, complement and phagocytic function in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Pediatr Diabetes 2005; 6: 206-212. EK III
- 373 Lin A, Northam EA, Rankins D, Werther GA, Cameron FJ. Neuropsychological profiles of young people with type 1 diabetes 12 yr after disease onset. Pediatr Diabetes 2010; 11: 235-243. EK IIb
- 374 Lind M, Svensson AM, Kosiborod M, Gudbjornsdottir S, Pivodic A, Wedel H, Dahlqvist S, Clements M, Rosengren A. Glycemic control and excess mortality in type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2014; 371: 1972-1982. EK III
- 375 Lindstrom C, Aman J, Norberg AL. Parental burnout in relation to sociodemographic, psychosocial and personality factors as well as disease duration and glycaemic control in children with Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Acta Paediatr 2011; 100: 1011-1017. EK III
- 376 Lindstrom J, Ilanne-Parikka P, Peltonen M, Aunola S, Eriksson JG, Hemio K, Hamalainen H, Harkonen P, Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi S, Laakso M, Louheranta A, Mannelin M, Paturi M, Sundvall J, Valle TT, Uusitupa M, Tuomilehto J. Sustained reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes by lifestyle intervention: follow-up of the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. Lancet 2006; 368: 1673-1679 EK Ib
- 377 Liu C, Wu D, Zheng X, Li P, Li L. Efficacy and safety of metformin for patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a metaanalysis. Diabetes Technol Ther 2015; 17: 142-148. EK 1b
- 378 Lorini R, Klersy C, d'Annunzio G, Massa O, Minuto N, Iafusco D, Bellanne-Chantelot C, Frongia AP, Toni S, Meschi F, Cerutti F, Barbetti F. Maturity-onset diabetes of the young in children with incidental hyperglycemia: a multicenter Italian study of 172 families. Diabetes Care 2009; 32: 1864-1866
- 379 Lorini R, Scotta MS, Cortona L, Avanzini MA, Vitali L, De GC, Scaramuzza A, Severi F. Celiac disease and type I (insulindependent) diabetes mellitus in childhood: follow-up study. J Diabetes Complications 1996; 10: 154-159. EK III
- 380 Ludvigsson J, Bolli GB. Intensive insulin treatment in diabetic children. Diabetes Nutr Metab 2001; 14: 292-304 EK IIb
- 381 Ludvigsson J, Krisky D, Casas R, Battelino T, Castano L, Greening J, Kordonouri O, Otonkoski T, Pozzilli P, Robert JJ, Veeze HJ, Palmer J, Samuelsson U, Elding LH, Aman J, Kardell G, Neiderud HJ, Lundstrom G, Albinsson E, Carlsson A, Nordvall M, Fors H, Arvidsson CG, Edvardson S, Hanas R, Larsson K, Rathsman B, Forsgren H, Desaix H, Forsander G, Nilsson NO, Akesson CG, Keskinen P, Veijola R, Talvitie T, Raile K, Kapellen T, Burger W, Neu A, Engelsberger I, Heidtmann B, Bechtold S, Leslie D, Chiarelli F, Cicognani A, Chiumello G, Cerutti F, Zuccotti GV, Gomez GA, Rica I, Barrio R, Clemente M, Lopez Garcia MJ, Rodriguez M, Gonzalez I, Lopez JP. OyarzabalM Reeser HM, Nuboer R, Stouthart P, Bratina N, Bratanic N, de KM, Weill J, Ser N, Barat P, Bertrand AM, Carel JC, Reynaud R, Coutant R, Baron S. GAD65 antigen therapy in recently diagnosed type 1 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 2012; 366: 433-342
- 382 Ludwig-Seibold CU, Holder M, Rami B, Raile K, Heidtmann B, Holl RW. Continuous glucose monitoring in children, adolescents, and adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus: analysis from the prospective DPV diabetes documentation and quality management system from Germany and Austria. Pediatr Diabetes 2012; 13: 12-14
- 383 Ly TT, Maahs DM, Rewers A, Dunger D, Oduwole A, Jones TW. ISPADClinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2014. Assessment and management of hypoglycemia in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2014; 15 Suppl 20 180-192 EK IV
- 384 Ly TT, Nicholas JA, Retterath A, Lim EM, Davis EA, Jones TW. Effect of sensor-augmented insulin pump therapy and au- tomated insulin suspension vs standard insulin pump therapy on hypoglycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2013; 310: 1240-1247. EK Ib
- 385 Maahs DM, Calhoun P. BuckinghamBA Chase HP, Hramiak I, Lum J, Cameron F, Bequette BW, Aye T, Paul T, Slover R, Wadwa RP, Wilson DM, Kollman C, Beck RW. A randomized trial of a home system to reduce nocturnal hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2014; 37: 1885-1891. EK Ib
- 386 Maahs DM, Hermann JM, DuBose SN, Miller KM, Heidtmann B, Dimeglio LA, Rami-Merhar B, Beck RW, Schober E, Tamborlane WV, Kapellen TM, Holl RW. Contrasting the clinical care and outcomes of 2622 children with type 1 diabetes less than 6 years of age in the United States T1D Exchange and German/Austrian DPV registries. Diabetologia 2014; 57: 1578-1585. EK III
- 387 Mahmud FH, Elbarbary NS, Fröhlich-Reiterer E. et al. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2018: Other complications and associated conditions in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2018; 19 (Suppl.27) 275-286
- 388 Mann JI, De L, Hermansen I, Karamanos K, Karlstrom B, Katsilambros B, Riccardi N, Rivellese G, Rizkalla AA, Slama S, Toeller G, Uusitupa M, Vessby M. B. Evidence-based nutritional approaches to the treatment and prevention of diabetes mellitus. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2004; 14: 373-394
- 389 Mannucci E, Rotella F, Ricca V, Moretti S, Placidi GF, Rotella CM. Eating disorders in patients with type 1 diabetes: a meta- analysis. J Endocrinol Invest 2005; 28: 417-419. EK Ia
- 390 Margeirsdottir HD, Larsen JR, Brunborg C, Overby NC, Dahl- Jorgensen K. High prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a population- based study. Diabetologia 2008; 51: 554-561 IIb-III
- 391 Markowitz JT, Butler DA, Volkening LK, Antisdel JE, Anderson BJ, Laffel LM. Brief screening tool for disordered eating in diabetes: internal consistency and external validity in a contemporary sample of pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2010; 33: 495-500. EK III
- 392 Martin D, Lange K, Sima A, Kownatka D, Skovlund S, Danne T, Robert JJ. Recommendations for age-appropriate education of children and adolescents with diabetes and their parents in the European Union. Pediatr Diabetes 2012; 13 Suppl 16 20-28. EK IV
- 393 Marzelli MJ, Mazaika PK, Barnea-Goraly N, Hershey T, Tsalikian E, Tamborlane W, Mauras N, White NH, Buckingham B, Beck RW, Ruedy KJ, Kollman C, Cheng P, Reiss AL. Neuroanatomical correlates of dysglycemia in young children with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2014; 63: 343-353. EK III
- 394 Mathiesen ER, Saurbrey N, Hommel E, Parving HH. Prevalence of microalbuminuria in children with type 1 (insulindependent) diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 1986; 29: 640-643 EK III
- 395 Matthaei S, Bierwirth R, Fritsche A, Gallwitz B, Häring HU, Joost HG, Kellerer C, Kloos T, Kunt T, Nauck M, Schernthaner G, Siegel E, Thienel F. Medikamentöse antihyperglykämische Therapie des Diabetes mellitus Typ 2. Update der Evidenzbasierten Leitlinie der Deutschen Diabetes-Gesellschaft. http: //www.deutsche-diabetesgesellschaft. de/fileadmin/ Redakteur/Leitlinien/Evidenzbasierte_ Leitlinien/EBL_Dm_ Typ2_Update_2008.pdf 2008;
- 396 Mauras N, Beck R, Xing D, Ruedy K, Buckingham B, Tansey M, White NH, Weinzimer SA, Tamborlane W, Kollman C. A randomized clinical trial to assess the efficacy and safety of real-time continuous glucose monitoring in the management of type 1 diabetes in young children aged 4 to<10 years. Diabetes Care 2012; 35: 204-210 EK Ib
- 397 Mayer-Davis EJ, Kahkoska AR, Jefferies C. et al. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2018: Definition, epidemiology, and classification of diabetes in children and adolescents. Pediatr Diabetes 2018; 19 (Suppl. 27) 7-19 doi: https:// doi.org/10.1111/pedi.12773
- 398 McBroom LA, Enriquez M. Review of family-centered interventions to enhance the health outcomes of children with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Educ 2009; 35: 428-438 EK Ia
- 399 McDonald TJ, Ellard S. Maturity onset diabetes of the young: identification and diagnosis. Ann Clin Biochem 2013; 50: 403-415. EK III
- 400 McKnight JA, Wild SH, Lamb MJ, Cooper MN, Jones TW, Davis EA, Hofer S, Fritsch M, Schober E, Svensson J, Almdal T, Young R, Warner JT, Delemer B, Souchon PF, Holl RW, Karges W, Kieninger DM, Tigas S, Bargiota A, Sampanis C, Cherubini V, Gesuita R, Strele I, Pildava S, Coppell KJ, Magee G, Cooper JG, Dinneen SF, Eeg-Olofsson K, Svensson AM, Gudbjornsdottir S, Veeze H, Aanstoot HJ, Khalangot M, Tamborlane WV, Miller KM. Glycaemic control of Type 1 diabetes in clinical practice early in the 21st century: an international comparison. Diabet Med 2015; 32: 1036-1050. EK IIb
- 401 Meltzer LJ, Johnson SB, Prine JM, Banks RA, Desrosiers PM, Silverstein JH. Disordered eating, body mass, and glycemic control in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2001; 24: 678-682 EK III
- 402 Mensink RP, Zock PL, Kester AD, Katan MB. Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 77: 1146-1155 EK Ia
- 403 Milla CE, Warwick WJ, Moran A. Trends in pulmonary function in patients with cystic fibrosis correlate with the degree of glucose intolerance at baseline. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162: 891-895. EK III
- 404 Miller KM, Beck RW, Bergenstal RM, Goland RS, Haller MJ, McGill JB, Rodriguez H, Simmons JH, Hirsch IB. Evidence of a strong association between frequency of self-monitoring of blood glucose and hemoglobin A1c levels in T1D exchange clinic registry participants. Diabetes Care 2013; 36: 2009-2014. EK III
- 405 Miller-Johnson S, Emery RE, Marvin RS, Clarke W, Lovinger R, Martin M. Parent-child relationships and the management of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Consult Clin Psychol 1994; 62: 603-610. EK III
- 406 Misso ML, Egberts KJ, Page M, O'Connor D, Shaw J. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) vs. multiple insulin injections for type 1 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010; CD005 103 Ia
- 407 Mlynarski W, Tarasov AI, Gach A, Girard CA, Pietrzak I, Zubcevic L, Kusmierek J, Klupa T, Malecki MT, Ashcroft FM. Sulfonylurea improves CNS function in a case of intermediate DEND syndrome caused by a mutation in KCNJ11. Nat Clin Pract Neurol 2007; 3: 640-645. EK III
- 408 Mohn A, Di MS, Di LR, Tumini S, Chiarelli F. The effect of subclinical hypothyroidism on metabolic control in children and adolescents with Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med 2002; 19: 70-73. EK IIa
- 409 Monetini L, Cavallo MG, Stefanini L, Ferrazzoli F, Bizzarri C, Marietti G, Curro V, Cervoni M, Pozzilli P. Bovine beta-casein antibodies in breast- and bottle-fed infants: their relevance inType 1 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2001; 17: 51-54 EK III
- 410 Moore WV, Donaldson DL, Chonko AM, Ideus P, Wiegmann TB. Ambulatory blood pressure in type I diabetes mellitus. Comparison to presence of incipient nephropathy in adolescents and young adults. Diabetes 1992; 41: 1035-41. EK IIb
- 411 Morris LR, Murphy MB, Kitabchi AE. Bicarbonate therapy in severe diabetic ketoacidosis. Ann Intern Med 1986; 105: 836-840
- 412 Mortensen HB, Hougaard P, Ibsen KK, Parving HH. Relationship between blood pressure and urinary albumin excretion rate in young Danish type 1 diabetic patients: comparison to non-diabetic children. Danish Study Group of Diabetes in Childhood. Diabet Med 1994; 11: 155-161. EK IIa
- 413 Mortensen HB, Lindholm A, Olsen BS, Hylleberg B. Rapid appearance and onset of action of insulin aspart in paediatric subjects with type 1 diabetes. Eur J Pediatr 2000; 159: 483-488. EK Ib
- 414 Mortensen HB, Robertson KJ, Aanstoot HJ, Danne T, Holl RW, Hougaard P, Atchison JA, Chiarelli F, Daneman D, Dinesen B, Dorchy H, Garandeau P, Greene S, Hoey H, Kaprio EA, Kocova M, Martul P, Matsuura N, Schoenle EJ, Sovik O, Swift PG, Tsou RM, Vanelli M, Aman J. Insulin management and metabolic control of type 1 diabetes mellitus in childhood and adolescence in 18 countries. Hvidore Study Group on Childhood Diabetes. Diabet Med 1998; 15: 752-759. EK III
- 415 Muir AB, Quisling RG, Yang MC, Rosenbloom AL. Cerebral edema in childhood diabetic ketoacidosis: natural history, radiographic findings, and early identification. Diabetes Care 2004; 27: 1541-1546. EK IIb-III
- 416 Mulvaney SA, Rothman RL, Osborn CY, Lybarger C, Dietrich MS, Wallston KA. Self-management problem solving for adolescents with type 1 diabetes: intervention processes associated with an Internet program. Patient Educ Couns 2011; 85: 140-142. EK IIb
- 417 Mulvaney SA, Rothman RL, Wallston KA, Lybarger C, Dietrich MS. An internet-based program to improve self-management in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2010; 33: 602-604. EK IIb
- 418 Murphy HR, Rayman G, Skinner TC. Psycho-educational interventions for children and young people with Type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med 2006; 23: 935-943. EK Ia
- 419 Murphy HR, Rayman G, Skinner TC. Psycho-educational interventions for children and young people with Type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med 2006; 23: 935-943. EK Ib
- 420 Murphy R, Ellard S, Hattersley AT. Clinical implications of a molecular genetic classification of monogenic beta-cell diabetes. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 2008; 4: 200-213. EK IV
- 421 Musen G, Jacobson AM, Ryan CM, Cleary PA, Waberski BH, Weinger K, Dahms W, Bayless M, Silvers N, Harth J, White N. Impact of diabetes and its treatment on cognitive function among adolescents who participated in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Diabetes Care 2008; 31: 1933-1938. EK Ib
- 422 Naar-King S, Idalski A, Ellis D, Frey M, Templin T, Cunningham PB, Cakan N. Gender differences in adherence and metabolic control in urban youth with poorly controlled type 1 diabetes: The mediating role of mental health symptoms. J Pediatr Psychol 2006; 31: 793-802 EK III
- 423 Nadeau KJ, Klingensmith G, Zeitler P. Type 2 diabetes in children is frequently associated with elevated alanine aminotransferase. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2005; 41: 94-98. EK IIb-III
- 424 Naguib JM, Kulinskaya E, Lomax CL, Garralda ME. Neurocognitive performance in children with type 1 diabetes–a meta-analysis. J Pediatr Psychol 2009; 34: 271-282. EK Ib
- 425 Nahata L. Insulin therapy in pediatric patients with type I diabetes: continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion vs. multiple daily injections. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2006; 45: 503-508. EK Ia
- 426 Nakhla M, Daneman D, Frank M, Guttmann A. Translating transition: a critical review of the diabetes literature. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2008; 21: 507-516. EK III
- 427 Nallasamy K, Jayashree M, Singhi S, Bansal A. Low-dose vs standard-dose insulin in pediatric diabetic ketoacidosis: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatr 2014; 168: 999-1005. EK Ib
- 428 Nansel TR, Iannotti RJ, Liu A.. Clinic-integrated behavioral intervention for families of youth with type 1 diabetes: randomized clinical trial. Pediatrics 2012; 129: e866-e873. EK Ib
- 429 Nansel TR, Iannotti RJ, Simons-Morton BG, Cox C, Plotnick LP, Clark LM, Zeitzoff L. Diabetes personal trainer outcomes: short-term and 1-year outcomes of a diabetes personal trainer intervention among youth with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2007; 30: 2471-2477. EK IIb
- 430 Nansel TR, Iannotti RJ, Simons-Morton BG, Plotnick LP, Clark LM, Zeitzoff L. Long-term maintenance of treatment outcomes: diabetes personal trainer intervention for youth with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2009; 32: 807-809 EK IIb
- 431 Nardi L, Zucchini S, D'Alberton F, Salardi S, Maltoni G, Bisacchi N, Elleri D, Cicognani A. Quality of life, psychological adjustment and metabolic control in youths with type 1 diabetes: A study with self- and parent-report questionnaires. Pediatr Diabetes 2008; 9: 496-503. EK III
- 432 Nathan DM, Cleary PA, Backlund JY, Genuth SM, Lachin JM, Orchard TJ, Raskin P, Zinman B. Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 2643-2653. EK Ib
- 433 Neu A, Ehehalt S, Bendas A, Rothe U, Kiess W, Holl RW, Stahl-Pehe A, Rosenbauer J. Incidence of childhood type 1 diabetes in Germany: A nationwide survey over a period of ten years. Pediatric Diabetes 2013; 14: 119
- 434 Neu A, Ehehalt S, Feldhahn LM, Kehrer M, Willasch AM, Hub R, Ranke MB. Diabeteshäufigkeit bei Kindern und Jugendlichen in Deutschland – 20 Jahre Diabetes-Inzidenzregister Baden- Württemberg. Diabetologie 2008; 309-313
- 435 Neu A, Ehehalt S, Willasch A, Kehrer M, Hub R, Ranke MB. Rising incidence of type 1 diabetes in Germany: 12-year trend analysis in children 0 – 14 years of age. Diabetes Care 2001; 24: 785-786. EK IIa
- 436 Neu A, Feldhahn L, Ehehalt S. et al No change in type 2 diabetes prevalence in children and ado-lescents over 10 years: Update of a population-based surveyin South Germany. PediatrDiabetes 2018; 19: 637-639 doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/pedi.12622
- 437 Neu A, Feldhahn L, Ehehalt S, Hub R, Ranke MB. Prevalence of type 2 diabetes and MODY in children and adolescents. A state-wide study in Baden-Wuerttemberg (Germany). Pediatr Diabetes 2005; 6: 27-28. EK III
- 438 Neu A, Hofer SE, Karges B, Oeverink R, Rosenbauer J, Holl RW. Ketoacidosis at diabetes onset is still frequent in children and adolescents: a multicenter analysis of 14 664 patients from 106 institutions. Diabetes Care 2009; 32: 1647-1648. EK IIb
- 439 Neu A, Lange K, Lösch-Binder M, Ziegler R. Diabetes – na und? DVD mit drei Informationsfilmen für Lehrer/innen von Kindern mit Diabetes zum Einsatz im Unterricht, = Arbeitsgemeinschaft pädiatrische Diabetologie (AGPD). 2011;
- 440 Neu A, Losch-Binder M, Ehehalt S, Schweizer R, Hub R, Serra E. Follow-up of adolescents with diabetes after transition from paediatric to adult care: results of a 10-year prospective study. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2010; 118: 353-355 EK III
- 441 Neu A, Willasch A, Ehehalt S, Hub R, Ranke MB. Ketoacidosis at onset of type 1 diabetes mellitus in children–frequency and clinical presentation. Pediatr Diabetes 2003; 4: 77-81. EK III
- 442 Neuhauser H, Schienkiewitz A, Schaffrath RA, Dortschy R, Kurth BM. Robert Koch Institut (RKI): Referenzperzentile für anthropometrische Maßzahlen und Blutdruck aus der Studie zur Gesundheit von Kindern und Jugendlichen in Deutschland (KiGGS). 2. erweiterte Auflage, RKI, Berlin. 2013;
- 443 Neuhauser HK, Thamm M, Ellert U, Hense HW, Rosario AS. Blood pressure percentiles by age and height from nonoverweight children and adolescents in Germany. Pediatrics 2011; 127: e978-e988
- 444 Nichols PJ, Norris SL. A systematic literature review of the effectiveness of diabetes education of school personnel. Diabetes Educ 2002; 28: 405-414. EK III
- 445 Nieuwesteeg A, Pouwer F, van der Kamp R, van BH, Aanstoot HJ, Hartman E. Quality of life of children with type 1 diabetes: A systematic review. Curr Diabetes Rev 2012; 8: 434-443. EK III
- 446 Nimri R, Muller I, Atlas E, Miller S, Fogel A, Bratina N, Kordonouri O, Battelino T, Danne T, Phillip M. MD-Logic overnight control for 6 weeks of home use in patients with type 1 diabetes: Randomized crossover trial. Diabetes Care 2014; 37: 3025-3032. EK Ib
- 447 Nimri R, Weintrob N, Benzaquen H, Ofan R, Fayman G, Phillip M. Insulin pump therapy in youth with type 1 diabetes: A retrospective paired study. Pediatrics 2006; 117: 2126-2131. EK IIb-III
- 448 Nordfeldt S, Ludvigsson J. Adverse events in intensively treated children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Acta Paediatr 1999; 88: 1184-1193. EK IIb
- 449 Nordfeldt S, Ludvigsson J. Fear and other disturbances of severe hypoglycaemia in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2005; 18: 83-91. EK III
- 450 Nordwall M, Hyllienmark L, Ludvigsson J. Early diabetic complications in a population of young patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus despite intensive treatment. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2006; 19: 45-54. EK III
- 451 Norris JM, Barriga K, Klingensmith G, Hoffman M, Eisenbarth GS, Erlich HA, Rewers M. Timing of initial cereal exposure in infancy and risk of islet autoimmunity. JAMA 2003; 290: 1713-1720. EK III
- 452 Northam EA, Anderson PJ, Werther GA, Warne GL, Adler RG, Andrewes D. Neuropsychological complications of IDDMin children 2 years after disease onset. Diabetes Care 1998; 21: 379-384. EK III
- 453 Northam EA, Matthews LK, Anderson PJ, Cameron FJ, Werther GA. Psychiatric morbidity and health outcome in Type 1 diabetes–perspectives from a prospective longitudinal study. Diabet Med 2005; 22: 152-157. EK III
- 454 Northam EA, Todd S, Cameron FJ. Interventions to promote optimal health outcomes in children with Type 1 diabetes– are they effective?. Diabet Med 2006; 23: 113-121. EK Ia-III
- 455 Nousia-Arvanitakis S, Galli-Tsinopoulou A, Karamouzis M. Insulin improves clinical status of patients with cystic-fibrosis- related diabetes mellitus. Acta Paediatr 2001; 90: 515-519. EK III
- 456 O'Hayon BE, Cummings EA, Daneman D, Ossip MG, Lawson ML, Sochett EB. Does dietary protein intake correlate with markers suggestive of early diabetic nephropathy in children and adolescents with Type 1 diabetes mellitus?. Diabet Med 2000; 17: 708-712. EK III
- 457 O'Riordan SM, Robinson PD, Donaghue KC, Moran A. Management of cystic fibrosis-related diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2008; 9: 338-344
- 458 Okuda Y, Adrogue HJ, Field JB, Nohara H, Yamashita K. Counterproductive effects of sodium bicarbonate in diabetic ketoacidosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996; 81: 314-320
- 459 Olmsted MP, Daneman D, Rydall AC, Lawson ML, Rodin G. The effects of psychoeducation on disturbed eating attitudes and behavior in young women with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Int J Eat Disord 2002; 32: 230-239 EK Ib
- 460 Overby NC, Margeirsdottir HD, Brunborg C, Andersen LF, hl-Jorgensen K. The influence of dietary intake and meal pattern on blood glucose control in children and adolescents using intensive insulin treatment. Diabetologia 2007; 50: 2044-2051. EK IIb
- 461 Overstreet S, Goins J, Chen RS, Holmes CS, Greer T, Dunlap WP, Frentz J. Family environment and the interrelation of family structure, child behavior, and metabolic control for children with diabetes. J Pediatr Psychol 1995; 20: 435-447. EK IIa
- 462 Pankowska E, Blazik M, Dziechciarz P, Szypowska A, Szajewska H. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion vs. multiple daily injections in children with type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized control trials. Pediatr Diabetes 2008. EK Ia
- 463 Pankowska E, Szypowska A, Lipka M, Skorka A. Sustained metabolic control and low rates of severe hypoglycaemic episodes in preschool diabetic children treated with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. Acta Paediatr 2007; 96: 881-884. EK IIb-III
- 464 Pattison HM, Moledina S, Barrett TG. The relationship between parental perceptions of diabetes and glycaemic control. Arch Dis Child 2006; 91: 487-490 EK III
- 465 Pavlovic MD, Milenkovic T, Dinic M, Misovic M, Dakovic D, Todorovic S, Dakovic Z, Zecevi RD, Doder R. The prevalence of cutaneous manifestations in young patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2007; 30: 1964-1967. EK III
- 466 Pearson ER, Flechtner I, Njolstad PR, Malecki MT, Flanagan SE, Larkin B, Ashcroft FM, Klimes I, Codner E, Iotova V, Slingerland AS, Shield J, Robert JJ, Holst JJ, Clark PM, Ellard S, Sovik O, Polak M, Hattersley AT. Switching from insulin to oral sulfonylureas in patients with diabetes due to Kir6.2 mutations. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 467-477. EK III
- 467 Pearson ER, Liddell WG, Shepherd M, Corrall RJ, Hattersley AT. Sensitivity to sulphonylureas in patients with hepatocyte nuclear factor-1alpha gene mutations: evidence for pharmacogenetics in diabetes. Diabet Med 2000; 17: 543-545. EK III
- 468 Perantie DC, Lim A, Wu J, Weaver P, Warren SL, Sadler M, White NH, Hershey T. Effects of prior hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia on cognition in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Pediatr Diabetes 2008; 9: 87-95. EK III
- 469 Persson S, Dahlquist G, Gerdtham UG, Steen CK. Impact of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes on schooling: A populationbased register study. Diabetologia 2013; 56: 1254-1262. EK IIb
- 470 Peterson DB, Lambert J, Gerring S, Darling P, Carter RD, Jelfs R, Mann JI. Sucrose in the diet of diabetic patients–just another carbohydrate?. Diabetologia 1986; 29: 216-220. EK Ib
- 471 Peyrot M, Rubin RR. Behavioral and psychosocial interventions in diabetes: A conceptual review. Diabetes Care 2007; 30: 2433-2440. EK Ib
- 472 Peyrot M, Rubin RR. Treatment satisfaction in the sensoraugmented pump therapy for A1C reduction 3 (STAR 3) trial. Diabet Med 2013; 30: 464-467. EK Ib
- 473 Phillip M, Battelino T, Atlas E, Kordonouri O, Bratina N, Miller S, Biester T, Stefanija MA, Muller I, Nimri R, Danne T. Nocturnal glucose control with an artificial pancreas at a diabetes camp. N Engl J Med 2013; 368: 824-833 EK Ib
- 474 Phillip M, Battelino T, Rodriguez H, Danne T, Kaufman F. Use of insulin pump therapy in the pediatric age-group: consensus statement from the European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology, the Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society, and the International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes, endorsed by the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2007; 30: 1653-1662
- 475 Philotheou A, Arslanian S, Blatniczky L, Peterkova V, Souhami E, Danne T. Comparable efficacy and safety of insulin glulisine and insulin lispro when given as part of a Basal-bolus insulin regimen in a 26-week trial in pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther 2011; 13: 327-334
- 476 Pihoker C, Forsander G, Fantahun B, Virmani A, Luo X, Hallman M, Wolfsdorf J, Maahs DM. ISPADClinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2014. The delivery of ambulatory diabetes care to children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2014; 15 Suppl 20 86-101. EK IV
- 477 Plank J, Siebenhofer A, Berghold A, Jeitler K, Horvath K, Mrak P, Pieber TR. Systematic review and meta-analysis of shortacting insulin analogues in patients with diabetes mellitus. Arch Intern Med 2005; 165: 1337-1344. EK Ia
- 478 Plener PL, Molz E, Berger G, Schober E, Monkemoller K, Denzer C, Goldbeck L, Holl RW. Depression, metabolic control, and antidepressant medication in young patients with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2015; 16: 58-66. EK IIb
- 479 Polak M, Dechaume A, Cave H, Nimri R, Crosnier H, Sulmont V, de Kerdanet M, Scharfmann R, Lebenthal Y, Froguel P, Vaxillaire M. Heterozygous missense mutations in the insulin gene are linked to permanent diabetes appearing in the neonatal period or in early infancy: A report from the French ND (Neonatal. Diabetes) Study Group. Diabetes 2008; 57: 1115-1119. EK III
- 480 Povlsen L, Olsen B, Ladelund S. Diabetes in children and adolescents from ethnic minorities: barriers to education, treatment and good metabolic control. J Adv Nurs 2005; 50: 576-582. EK III
- 481 Powers SW, Byars KC, Mitchell MJ, Patton SR, Standiford DA, Dolan LM. Parent report of mealtime behavior and parenting stress in young children with type 1 diabetes and in healthy control subjects. Diabetes Care 2002; 25: 313-318. EK III
- 482 Puttha R, Cooke D, Subbarayan A, Odeka E, Ariyawansa I, Bone M, Doughty I, Patel L, Amin R. Low dose (0.05 units/ kg/h) is comparable with standard dose (0.1 units/kg/h) intravenous insulin infusion for the initial treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis in children with type 1 diabetes-an observational study. Pediatr Diabetes 2010; 11: 12-17. EK III
- 483 Radetti G, Paganini C, Gentili L, Bernasconi S, Betterle C, Borkenstein M, Cvijovic K, Kadrnka-Lovrencic M, Krzisnik C, Battelino T. Frequency of Hashimoto's thyroiditis in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Acta Diabetol 1995; 32: 121-124. EK III
- 484 Raile K, Galler A, Hofer S, Herbst A, Dunstheimer D, Busch P, Holl RW. Diabetic nephropathy in 27 805 children, adolescents, and adults with type 1 diabetes: effect of diabetes duration, A1C, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes onset, and sex. Diabetes Care 2007; 30: 2523-2528 EK IIb-III
- 485 Raile K, Klopocki E, Holder M, Wessel T, Galler A, Deiss D, Muller D, Riebel T, Horn D, Maringa M, Weber J, Ullmann R, Gruters A. Expanded clinical spectrumin hepatocyte nuclear factor 1b-maturity-onset diabetes of the young. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94: 2658-2664. EK IV
- 486 Raile K, O'Connell M, Galler A, Werther G, Kuhnen P, Krude H, Blankenstein O. Diabetes caused by insulin gene (INS) deletion: clinical characteristics of homozygous and heterozygous individuals. Eur J Endocrinol 2011; 165: 255-260
- 487 Raile K, Schober E, Konrad K, Thon A, Grulich-Henn J, Meissner T, Wolfle J, Scheuing N, Holl RW. Treatment of young patients with HNF1A mutations (HNF1A-MODY). Diabet Med 2015; 32: 526-530
- 488 Rattay P, von der LE, Lampert T. Gesundheit von Kindern und Jugendlichen in Eineltern-, Stief- und Kernfamilien. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2014; 57: 860-868. EK IIb
- 489 Reid GJ, Dubow EF, Carey TC, Dura JR. Contribution of coping to medical adjustment and treatment responsibility among children and adolescents with diabetes. J Dev Behav Pediatr 1994; 15: 327-335 EK III
- 490 Reinehr T, Schober E, Roth CL, Wiegand S, Holl R. Type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents in a 2-year follow-up: insufficient adherence to diabetes centers. Horm Res 2008; 69: 107-113 EK III
- 491 Reinehr T, Temmesfeld M, Kersting M, de SG, Toschke AM. Four-year follow-up of children and adolescents participating in an obesity intervention program. Int J Obes (Lond) 2007; 31: 1074-1077. EK III
- 492 Renders CM, Valk GD, Griffin SJ, Wagner EH, Eijk Van JT, Assendelft WJ. Interventions to improve themanagement of diabetes in primary care, outpatient, and community settings: a systematic review. Diabetes Care 2001; 24: 1821-1833. EK Ia
- 493 Rewers A, Klingensmith G, Davis C, Petitti DB, Pihoker C, Rodriguez B, Schwartz ID, Imperatore G, Williams D, Dolan LM, Dabelea D. Presence of diabetic ketoacidosis at diagnosis of diabetes mellitus in youth: the Search for Diabetes in Youth Study. Pediatrics 2008; 121: e1258-e1266. EK III
- 494 Rewers M, Pihoker C, Donaghue K, Hanas R, Swift P, Klingensmith GJ. Assessment and monitoring of glycemic control in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2007; 8: 408-418
- 495 Rewers M, Pihoker C, Donaghue K, Hanas R, Swift P, Klingensmith GJ. Assessment and monitoring of glycemic control in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2007; 8: 408-418. EK IV
- 496 Reynolds KA, Helgeson VS. Children with diabetes compared to peers: depressed? Distressed? A meta-analytic review. Ann Behav Med 2011; 42: 29-41. EK Ib
- 497 Riccardi G, Rivellese A, Pacioni D, Genovese S, Mastranzo P, Mancini M. Separate influence of dietary carbohydrate and fibre on the metabolic control in diabetes. Diabetologia 1984; 26: 116-421. EK Ib
- 498 Richter B, Neises G. 'Human' insulin vs. animal insulin in people with diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005; CD003 816. EK Ia
- 499 Riddell MC, Iscoe KE. Physical activity, sport, and pediatric diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2006; 7: 60-70. EK IV
- 500 Riley MD, Dwyer T. Microalbuminuria is positively associated with usual dietary saturated fat intake and negatively associated with usual dietary protein intake in people with insulin- dependent diabetes mellitus. Am J Clin Nutr 1998; 67: 50-57. EK III
- 501 Riveline JP, Schaepelynck P, Chaillous L, Renard E, Sola-Gazagnes A, Penfornis A, Tubiana-Rufi N, Sulmont V, Catargi B, Lukas C, Radermecker RP, Thivolet C, Moreau F, Benhamou PY, Guerci B, Leguerrier AM, Millot L, Sachon C, Charpentier G, Hanaire H. Assessment of patient-led or physician-driven continuous glucose monitoring in patients with poorly controlled type 1 diabetes using basal-bolus insulin regimens: a 1-year multicenter study. Diabetes Care 2012; 35: 965-971. EK Ib
- 502 Rivellese A, Riccardi G, Giacco A, Pacioni D, Genovese S, Mattioli PL, Mancini M. Effect of dietary fibre on glucose control and serum lipoproteins in diabetic patients. Lancet 1980; 2: 447-450 EK Ib
- 503 Roberts MD, Slover RH, Chase HP. Diabetic ketoacidosis with intracerebral complications. Pediatr Diabetes 2001; 2: 109-114. EK III
- 504 Robertson K, Riddell MC, Guinhouya BC, Adolfsson P, Hanas R. ISPADClinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2014. Exercise in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2014; 15 Suppl 20 203-223. EK IV
- 505 Robertson KJ, Schoenle E, Gucev Z, Mordhorst L, Gall MA, Ludvigsson J. Insulin detemir compared with NPH insulin in children and adolescents with Type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med 2007; 24: 27-34 EK Ib
- 506 Rohrer T, Stierkorb E, Grabert M, Holterhus PM, Kapellen T, Knerr I, Mix M, Holl RW. Delayed menarche in young German women with type 1 diabetes mellitus: recent results from the DPV diabetes documentation and quality management system. Eur J Pediatr 2008; 167: 793-799
- 507 Rolon MA, Benali K, Munck A, Navarro J, Clement A, Tubiana- Rufi N, Czernichow P, Polak M. Cystic fibrosis-related diabetes mellitus: clinical impact of prediabetes and effects of insulin therapy. Acta Paediatr 2001; 90: 860-867. EK III
- 508 Ronkainen MS, Hamalainen AM, Koskela P, Akerblom HK, Knip M. Pregnancy induces nonimmunoglobulin insulinbinding activity in both maternal and cord blood serum. Clin Exp Immunol 2001; 124: 190-196. EK Ib
- 509 Rosenbauer J, Dost A, Karges B, Hungele A, Stahl A, Bachle C, Gerstl EM, Kastendieck C, Hofer SE, Holl RW. Improved metabolic control in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a trend analysis using prospective multicenter data from Germany and Austria. Diabetes Care 2012; 35: 80-86 EK III
- 510 Rosenbauer J, Herzig P, Giani G. Familial risk Type 1 diabetes mellitus in preschool age. Diabetologia 2003; 46: A118. EK IIa
- 511 Rosenbauer J, Icks A, du Prel JB, Giani G. Populationsbasierte Daten zur Inzidenz des Typ-2-Diabetes mellitus bei Kindern und Jugendlichen in Deutschland. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 2003; 151: 71. EK III
- 512 Rosenbauer J, Icks A, Giani G. Clinical characteristics and predictors of severe ketoacidosis at onset of type 1 diabetes mellitus in children in a North Rhine-Westphalian region, Germany. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2002; 15: 1137-1145 EK IIb
- 513 Rosenbauer J, Icks A, Giani G. Incidence and prevalence of childhood type 1 diabetes mellitus in Germany–model-based national estimates. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2002; 15: 1497-1504. EK IIb
- 514 Rosenbauer J, Icks A, Grabert M, Holl RW, Giani G. Hohe Prävalenz des Typ-1-Diabetes mellitus im Kindes- und Jugendalter in Deutschland (Abstract). Kinder- Jugendmed 2002; 2: A84. EK III
- 515 Rosenbauer J, Rothe U, Bendas A, Kiess W, Baechle C, Holl RW, Ehehalt S, Neu A. In cooperation with the DIARY Group Baden-Wuerttemberg tCDRiStGPSUEatD-SI. National prevalence estimates of childhood type 1 diabetes in Germany. Pediatric Diabetes 2013; 14: 119. EK III
- 516 Rosenbloom AL, Schatz DA, Krischer JP, Skyler JS, Becker DJ, Laporte RE, Libman I, Pietropaolo M, Dosch HM, Finberg L, Muir A, Tamborlane WV, Grey M, Silverstein JH, Malone JI. Therapeutic controversy: Prevention and treatment of diabetes in children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85: 494-522. EK IV
- 517 Rubio-Cabezas O, Klupa T, Malecki MT. Permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus–the importance of diabetes differential diagnosis in neonates and infants. Eur J Clin Invest 2011; 41: 323-333
- 518 Rutledge KS, Chase HP, Klingensmith GJ, Walravens PA, Slover RH, Garg SK. Effectiveness of postprandial Humalog in toddlers with diabetes. Pediatrics 1997; 100: 968-972. EK IIa
- 519 Sacks FM, Svetkey LP, Vollmer WM, Appel LJ, Bray GA, Harsha D, Obarzanek E, Conlin PR, Miller III ER, Simons- Morton DG, Karanja N, Lin PH. Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (bullet) diet. bullet-Sodium Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 3-10. EK Ib
- 520 Sagen JV, Raeder H, Hathout E, Shehadeh N, Gudmundsson K, Baevre H, Abuelo D, Phornphutkul C, Molnes J, Bell GI, Gloyn AL, Hattersley AT, Molven A, Sovik O, Njolstad PR. Permanent neonatal diabetes due to mutations in KCNJ11 encoding Kir6.2: patient characteristics and initial response to sulfonylurea therapy. Diabetes 2004; 53: 2713-2718. EK III
- 521 Saßmann H, Albrecht C, Busse-Widmann P, Hevelke LK, Kranz J, Markowitz JT, Marshall LF, Meurs S, de Soye IH, Lange K. Psychometric properties of the German version of the Diabetes Eating Problem Survey-Revised: additional benefit of disease-specific screening in adolescents with Type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med 2015. EK IIb
- 522 Sassmann H, Danne T, Landgraf R, Lange K. Jugendliche und junge Erwachsene mit. Diabetes: Lebensqualität, Stoffwechseleinstellung und Zufriedenheit mit der Langzeitbetreuung von Teilnehmern des CAMP-D. Diabet Stoffw 2007; 2: 69. EK III
- 523 Sassmann H, de HM, Danne T, Lange K. Reducing stress and supporting positive relations in families of young children with type 1 diabetes: a randomized controlled study for evaluating the effects of the DELFIN parenting program. BMC Pediatr 2012; 12: 152 EK Ib
- 524 Saßmann H, Lange K. Psychische Störungen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen mit Diabetes. In Petrak FHerpertz S, Hrsg. editors. Handbuch der Psychodiabetologie, Springer; Berlin: 2013. EK IV
- 525 Schatz DA, Bingley PJ. Update on major trials for the prevention of type 1 diabetes mellitus: the American Diabetes Prevention Trial (DPT-1) and the European Nicotinamide Diabetes Intervention Trial (ENDIT). J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2001; 14 (Suppl 1) 619-622 EK Ib
- 526 Scherbaum W. Verlautbarung der Deutschen Diabetes- Gesellschaft zur Versorgung von Kindern und Jugendlichen. Diabet Inform 1998; 20: 23. EK IV
- 527 Scheuing N, Bartus B, Berger G, Haberland H, Icks A, Knauth B, Nellen-Hellmuth N, Rosenbauer J, Teufel M, Holl RW. Clinical characteristics and outcome of 467 patients with a clinically recognized eating disorder identified among 52 215 patients with type 1 diabetes: a multicenter german/austrian study. Diabetes Care 2014; 37: 1581-1589. EK IIb
- 528 Schiaffini R, Patera PI, Bizzarri C, Ciampalini P, Cappa M. Basal insulin supplementation in Type 1 diabetic children: a long-term comparative observational study between continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion and glargine insulin. J Endocrinol Invest 2007; 30: 572-577. EK Ib
- 529 Schlesinger DM, Holsclaw DS, Fyfe B. Generalized Atherosclerosis in an Adult with CF and Diabetes Mellitus. Eleventh Annual North American Cystic Fibrosis Conference 1997; 365 EK III
- 530 Schmid K, Fink K, Holl RW, Hebestreit H, Ballmann M. Predictors for future cystic fibrosis-related diabetes by oral glucose tolerance test. J Cyst Fibros 2014; 13: 80-85
- 531 Schober E, Holl RW, Grabert M, Thon A, Rami B, Kapellen T, Seewi O, Reinehr T. Diabetes mellitus type 2 in childhood and adolescence in Germany and parts of Austria. Eur J Pediatr 2005; 164: 705-707. EK III
- 532 Schober E, Rami B, Grabert M, Thon A, Kapellen T, Reinehr T, Holl RW. Phenotypical aspects of Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY diabetes) in comparison to Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in children and adolescents. Experience from a large multicenter data base. Diabet Med 2009; 26: 466-473
- 533 Schoenle EJ, Schoenle D, Molinari L, Largo RH. Impaired intellectual development in children with Type I diabetes: association with HbA(1c), age at diagnosis and sex. Diabetologia 2002; 45: 108-114. EK III
- 534 Schultz CJ, Konopelska-Bahu T, Dalton RN, Carroll TA, Stratton I, Gale EA, Neil A, Dunger DB. Microalbuminuria prevalence varies with age, sex, and puberty in children with type 1 diabetes followed from diagnosis in a longitudinal study. Oxford Regional Prospective Study Group. Diabetes Care 1999; 22: 495-502. EK III
- 535 Schultz CJ, Neil HA, Dalton RN, Konopelska BT, Dunger DB. Blood pressure does not rise before the onset of microalbuminuria in children followed from diagnosis of type 1 diabetes. Oxford Regional Prospective Study Group. Diabetes Care 2001; 24: 555-560 EK III
- 536 Schwab KO, Doerfer J, Marg W, Schober E, Holl RW. Characterization of 33 488 children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes based on the gender-specific increase of cardiovascular risk factors. Pediatr Diabetes 2010; 11: 357-363
- 537 Schwartz DD, Cline VD, Axelrad ME, Anderson BJ. Feasibility, acceptability, and predictive validity of a psychosocial screening program for children and youth newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2011; 34: 326-331. EK III
- 538 Schwarzenberg SJ, Thomas W, Olsen TW, Grover T, Walk D, Milla C, Moran A. Microvascular complications in cystic fibrosis- related diabetes. Diabetes Care 2007; 30: 1056-1061. EK III
- 539 Scott A, Whitcombe S, Bouchier D, Dunn P. Diabetes in children and young adults in Waikato Province, New Zealand: outcomes of care. N Z Med J.2004: 117: U1219. EK III
- 540 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) SIGN 50: A guideline developer's handbook. Quick reference guide. 2014;
- 541 Scottish Study Group for the Care of the Young Diabetic. Factors influencing glycemic control in young people with type 1 diabetes in Scotland: a population-based study (DIABAUD2). Diabetes Care 2001; 24: 239-244. EK IIa
- 542 Scrimgeour L, Cobry E, McFann K, Burdick P, Weimer C, Slover R, Chase HP. Improved glycemic control after long-term insulin pump use in pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther 2007; 9: 421-428 EK IIb-III
- 543 Shah RP, Spruyt K, Kragie BC, Greeley SA, Msall ME. Visuomotor performance in KCNJ11-related neonatal diabetes is impaired in children with DEND-associated mutations and may be improved by early treatment with sulfonylureas. Diabetes Care 2012; 35: 2086-2088
- 544 Shepherd M, Hattersley AT. 'I don't feel like a diabetic any more': the impact of stopping insulin in patients with maturity onset diabetes of the young following genetic testing. Clin Med 2004; 4: 144-147
- 545 Sherr JL, Tauschmann M, Battelino T. et al. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2018: Diabetes technologies. Pediatr Diabetes 2018; 19 (Suppl.27) 302-325
- 546 Shichiri M, Kishikawa H, Ohkubo Y, Wake N. Long-term results of the Kumamoto Study on optimal diabetes control in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 2000; 23 Suppl 2 B21-B29
- 547 Shimazaki T, Kadowaki T, Ohyama Y, Ohe K, Kubota K. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) predicts future drug treatment for diabetes mellitus: a follow-up study using routine clinical data in a Japanese university hospital. Transl Res 2007; 149: 196-204. EK II
- 548 Shorer M, David R, Schoenberg-Taz M, Levavi-Lavi I, Phillip M, Meyerovitch J. Role of parenting style in achieving metabolic control in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2011; 34: 1735-1737. EK III
- 549 Sideravicite S, Gailiniene A, Visagurskiene K, Vizbaraite D. The effect of long-term swimming program on glycemia control in 14 – 19-year aged healthy girls and girls with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Medicina (Kaunas) 2006; 42: 513-518. EK IIb
- 550 Siebenhofer A, Plank J, Berghold A, Jeitler K, Horvath K, Narath M, Gfrerer R, Pieber TR. Short acting insulin analogues vs. regular human insulin in patients with diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; CD003 287. EK Ia
- 551 Silverstein J, Klingensmith G, Copeland K, Plotnick L, Kaufman F, Laffel L, Deeb L, Grey M, Anderson B, Holzmeister LA, Clark N. Care of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 186-212. EK IV
- 552 Silverstein J, Klingensmith G, Copeland K, Plotnick L, Kaufman F, Laffel L, Deeb L, Grey M, Anderson B, Holzmeister LA, Clark N. Care of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 186-212
- 553 Simpson D, McCormack PL, Keating GM, Lyseng-Williamson KA. Insulin lispro: a review of its use in the management of diabetes mellitus. Drugs 2007; 67: 407-434
- 554 Skogsberg L, Fors H, Hanas R, Chaplin JE, Lindman E, Skogsberg J. Improved treatment satisfaction but no difference in metabolic control when using continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion vs.multiple daily injections in children at onset of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Pediatr Diabetes 2008; 9: 472-479. EK1b
- 555 Slama G, Haardt MJ, Jean-Joseph P, Costagliola D, Goicolea I, Bornet F, Elgrably F, Tchobroutsky G. Sucrose taken during mixed meal has no additional hyperglycaemic action over isocaloric amounts of starch in well-controlled diabetics. Lancet 1984; 2: 122-125. EK Ib
- 556 Slingerland AS, Hurkx W, Noordam K, Flanagan SE, Jukema JW, Meiners LC, Bruining GJ, Hattersley AT, Hadders-Algra M. Sulphonylurea therapy improves cognition in a patient with the V59M KCNJ11 mutation. Diabet Med 2008; 25: 277-281. EK III
- 557 Slover RH, Welsh JB, Criego A, Weinzimer SA, Willi SM, Wood MA, Tamborlane WV. Effectiveness of sensor-augmented pump therapy in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes in the STAR 3 study. Pediatr Diabetes 2012; 13: 6-11. EK Ib
- 558 Smart CE, Annan F, Bruno LP, Higgins LA, Acerini CL. ISPAD - Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2014. Nutritional management in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2014; 15 Suppl 20 135-153. EK IV
- 559 Smith-Palmer J, Brandle M, Trevisan R, Orsini FM, Liabat S, Valentine W. Assessment of the association between glycemic variability and diabetes-related complications in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2014; 105: 273-284
- 560 Sochett EB, Poon I, Balfe W, Daneman D. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus adolescents with and without microalbuminuria. J Diabetes Complications 1998; 12: 18-23. EK IIa
- 561 Soffer B, Zhang Z, Miller K, Vogt BA, Shahinfar S. A doubleblind, placebo-controlled, dose-response study of the effectiveness and safety of lisinopril for children with hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2003; 16: 795-800. EK Ib
- 562 Sood ED, Pendley JS, Delamater AM, Rohan JM, Pulgaron ER, Drotar D. Mother-father informant discrepancies regarding diabetes management: associations with diabetes-specific family conflict and glycemic control. Health Psychol 2012; 31: 571-579. EK III
- 563 Stachow R, Schiel R, Koch S, Fiedler S, Hermann T, Holl RW. Effekte der stationären Rehabilitation von Kindern und Jugendlichen mit Diabetes mellitus Typ-1. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 2013; 161: 727-734 EK III
- 564 Stachow R, Schiel R, Koch S, Fiedler S, Hermann T, Holl RW. Langfristige Effekte der Rehabilitation für Kinder und Jugendliche mit Diabetes mellitus Typ 1. Diabetologie und Stoffwechsel 2013; 8: FV17. EK III
- 565 Stachow R, Schultz A, Kurzinsky U, Petermann F, Hampel P. Anti-Streß-Training für Kinder und Jugendliche mit Diabetes während der stationären Rehabilitation. Kindheit Entwicklung 2001; 10: 226-239. EK III
- 566 Stachow R, Wolf J, Kromeyer-Hauschild K, Dost A, Wabitsch M, Grabert M, Holl RW. Übergewicht und Adipositas bei Kindern und Jugendlichen mit Diabetes mellitus Typ 1. Prävalenz und Einflussfaktoren. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 2003; 149: 209-216 EK III
- 567 Stahl A, Strassburger K, Lange K, Bachle C, Holl RW, Giani G, Rosenbauer J. Health-related quality of life among German youths with early-onset and long-duration type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2012; 35: 1736-1742 EK IIB
- 568 Stahl-Pehe A, Strassburger K, Castillo K, Bachle C, Holl RW, Lange K, Rosenbauer J. Quality of life in intensively treated youths with early-onset type 1 diabetes: a population-based survey. Pediatr Diabetes 2014; 15: 436-443. EK IIB
- 569 Stanger C, Ryan SR, Delhey LM, Thrailkill K, Li Z, Li Z, Budney AJ. A multicomponent motivational intervention to improve adherence among adolescents with poorly controlled type 1 diabetes: a pilot study. J Pediatr Psychol 2013; 38: 629-637. EK III
- 570 Stanik J, Gasperikova D, Paskova M, Barak L, Javorkova J, Jancova E, Ciljakova M, Hlava P, Michalek J, Flanagan SE, Pearson E, Hattersley AT, Ellard S, Klimes I. Prevalence of permanent neonatal diabetes in Slovakia and successful replacement of insulin with sulfonylurea therapy in KCNJ11 and ABCC8 mutation carriers. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92: 1276-1282
- 571 Stoy J, Edghill EL, Flanagan SE, Ye H, Paz VP, Pluzhnikov A, Below JE, Hayes MG, Cox NJ, Lipkind GM, Lipton RB, Greeley SA, Patch AM, Ellard S, Steiner DF, Hattersley AT, Philipson LH, Bell GI. Insulin gene mutations as a cause of permanent neonatal diabetes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104: 15 040-15 044. EK III
- 572 Stride A, Vaxillaire M, Tuomi T, Barbetti F, Njolstad PR, Hansen T, Costa A, Conget I, Pedersen O, Sovik O, Lorini R, Groop L, Froguel P, Hattersley AT. The genetic abnormality in the beta cell determines the response to an oral glucose load. Diabetologia 2002; 45: 427-435. EK IIb
- 573 Sullivan-Bolyai S, Bova C, Lee M, Gruppuso PA. Mentoring fathers of children newly diagnosed with T1DM. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs 2011; 36: 224-231. EK IIb
- 574 Sullivan-Bolyai S, Deatrick J, Gruppuso P, Tamborlane W, Grey M. Constant vigilance: mothers' work parenting young children with type 1 diabetes. J Pediatr Nurs 2003; 18: 21-29. EK III
- 575 Summers LK, Fielding BA, Bradshaw HA, Ilic V, Beysen C, Clark ML, Moore NR, Frayn KN. Substituting dietary saturated fat with polyunsaturated fat changes abdominal fat distribution and improves insulin sensitivity. Diabetologia 2002; 45: 369-377. EK Ib
- 576 Sundelin J, Forsander G, Mattson SE. Family-oriented support at the onset of diabetes mellitus: A comparison of two group conditions during 2 years following diagnosis. Acta Paediatr 1996; 85: 49-55. EK III
- 577 Sundelin J, Forsander G, Mattson SE. Family-oriented support at the onset of diabetes mellitus: A comparison of two group conditions during 2 years following diagnosis. Acta Paediatr 1996; 85: 49-55 EK IIb
- 578 Svensson J, Johannesen J, Mortensen HB, Nordly S. Improved metabolic outcome in a Danish diabetic paediatric population aged 0–18 yr: results from a nationwide continuous Registration. Pediatr Diabetes 2009; 10: 461-467. EK III
- 579 Svoren BM, Butler D, Levine BS, Anderson BJ, Laffel LM. Reducing acute adverse outcomes in youths with type 1 diabetes: A randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics 2003; 112: 914-922 EK Ib
- 580 Svoren BM, Volkening LK, Butler DA, Moreland EC, Anderson BJ, Laffel LM. Temporal trends in the treatment of pediatric type 1 diabetes and impact on acute outcomes. J Pediatr 2007; 150: 279-285. EK IIa
- 581 Swift PG. Diabetes education. ISPADclinical practice consensus guidelines 2006 – 2007. Pediatr Diabetes 2007; 8: 103-109. EK IV
- 582 Swift PG, Skinner TC, de Beaufort CE, Cameron FJ, Aman J, Aanstoot HJ, Castano L, Chiarelli F, Daneman D, Danne T, Dorchy H, Hoey H, Kaprio EA, Kaufman F, Kocova M, Mortensen HB, Njolstad PR, Phillip M, Robertson KJ, Schoenle EJ, Urakami T, Vanelli M, Ackermann RW, Skovlund SE.. Target setting in intensive insulin management is associated with metabolic control: the Hvidoere childhood diabetes study group centre differences study 2005. Pediatr Diabetes 2010; 11: 271-278 EK III
- 583 Taha D, Umpaichitra V, Banerji MA, Castells S. Type 2 diabetes mellitus in African-American adolescents: impaired beta- cell function in the face of severe insulin resistance. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2006; 19: 135-142. EK IIb
- 584 Takii M, Uchigata Y, Komaki G, Nozaki T, Kawai H, Iwamoto Y, Kubo C. An integrated inpatient therapy for type 1 diabetic females with bulimia nervosa: A 3-year follow-up study. J Psychosom Res 2003; 55: 349-356. EK III
- 585 Tansey MJ, Tsalikian E, Beck RW, Mauras N, Buckingham BA, Weinzimer SA, Janz KF, Kollman C, Xing D, Ruedy KJ, Steffes MW, Borland TM, Singh RJ, Tamborlane WV. The effects of aerobic exercise on glucose and counterregulatory hormone concentrations in children with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 20-25. EK Ib
- 586 Temple IK, Gardner RJ, Mackay DJ, Barber JC, Robinson DO, Shield JP. Transient neonatal diabetes: widening the understanding of the etiopathogenesis of diabetes. Diabetes 2000; 49: 1359-1366. EK III
- 587 Temple IK, Shield JP. Transient neonatal diabetes, a disorder of imprinting. J Med Genet 2002; 39: 872-875. EK IV
- 588 Thalange N, Deeb L, Iotova V, Kawamura T, Klingensmith G, Philotheou A, Silverstein J, Tumini S, Ocampo Francisco AM, Kinduryte O, Danne T. Insulin degludec in combination with bolus insulin aspart is safe and effective in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2015; 16: 164-176. EK Ib
- 589 Thisted H, Johnsen SP, Rungby J. An update on the longacting insulin analogue glargine. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2006; 99: 1-11. EK Ia
- 590 Thompson SJ, Auslander WF, White NH. Comparison of single- mother and two-parent families on metabolic control of children with diabetes. Diabetes Care 2001; 24: 234-238 EK IIa
- 591 Thomsen C, Storm H, Holst JJ, Hermansen K. Differential effects of saturated and monounsaturated fats on postprandial lipemia and glucagon-like peptide 1 responses in patients with type 2 diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 77: 605-611. EK Ib
- 592 Thorpe CT, Fahey LE, Johnson H, Deshpande M, Thorpe JM, Fisher EB. Facilitating healthy coping in patients with diabetes: a systematic review. Diabetes Educ 2013; 39: 33-52. EK Ia
- 593 Thurber BW, Carmody D, Tadie EC, Pastore AN, Dickens JT, Wroblewski KE, Naylor RN, Philipson LH, Greeley SA. Age at the time of sulfonylurea initiation influences treatment outcomes in KCNJ11-related neonatal diabetes. Diabetologia 2015; 58: 1430-1435. EK III
- 594 Tiberg I, Katarina SC, Carlsson A, Hallstrom I. Children diagnosed with type 1 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial comparing hospital vs. home-based care. Acta Paediatr 2012; 101: 1069-1073. EK Ib
- 595 Toeller M.. (nach Mann et al. 2004) Evidenz-basierte Ernährungsempfehlungen zur Behandlung und Prävention des Diabetes mellitus. Diabet Stoffw 2005; 14: 75-94. EK Ia-IV
- 596 Toni S, Reali MF, Barni F, Lenzi L, Festini F. Managing insulin therapy during exercise in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Acta Biomed 2006; 77 Suppl 1 34-40. EK IIa-III
- 597 Triolo TM, Armstrong TK, McFann K, Yu L, Rewers MJ, Klingensmith GJ, Eisenbarth GS, Barker JM. Additional autoimmune disease found in 33% of patients at type 1 diabetes onset. Diabetes Care 2011; 34: 1211-1213. EK III
- 598 Tsalikian E, Kollman C, Tamborlane WB, Beck RW, Fiallo- Scharer R, Fox L, Janz KF, Ruedy KJ, Wilson D, Xing D, Weinzimer SA. Prevention of hypoglycemia during exercise in children with type 1 diabetes by suspending basal insulin. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 2200-2204 EK Ib
- 599 Tsiouli E, Alexopoulos EC, Stefanaki C, Darviri C, Chrousos GP. Effects of diabetes-related family stress on glycemic control in young patients with type 1 diabetes: Systematic review. Can Fam Physician 2013; 59: 143-149. EK Ib
- 600 Tubiana-Rufi N, Coutant R, Bloch J, Munz-Licha G, Delcroix C, Montaud-Raguideau N, Ducrocq R, Limal JM, Czernichow P. Special management of insulin lispro in continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in young diabetic children: a randomized cross-over study. Horm Res 2004; 62: 265-271 EK Ib
- 601 Tuomilehto J, Lindstrom J, Eriksson JG, Valle TT, Hamalainen H, Ilanne-Parikka P, Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi S, Laakso M, Louheranta A, Rastas M, Salminen V, Uusitupa M.. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1343-1350. EK Ib
- 602 Tupola S, Komulainen J, Jaaskelainen J, Sipila I. Post-prandial insulin lispro vs. human regular insulin in prepubertal children with Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med 2001; 18: 654-658. EK Ib
- 603 UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Lancet 1998; 352: 854-865. EK Ib
- 604 UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Lancet 1998; 352: 837-853. EK Ib
- 605 UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. BMJ 1998; 317: 703-713 EK Ib
- 606 Vaarala O, Klemetti P, Juhela S, Simell O, Hyoty H, Ilonen J. Effect of coincident enterovirus infection and cows' milk exposure on immunisation to insulin in early infancy. Diabetologia 2002; 45: 531-534 EK Ib
- 607 Valenzuela JM, Patino AM, McCullough J, Ring C, Sanchez J, Eidson M, Nemery R, Delamater AM. Insulin pump therapy and health-related quality of life in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. J Pediatr Psychol 2006; 31: 650-660. EK IIb
- 608 van den Berg JM, Morton AM, Kok SW, Pijl H, Conway SP, Heijerman HG. Microvascular complications in patients with cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD). J Cyst Fibros 2008; 7: 515-519. EK III
- 609 Vessby B, Unsitupa M, Hermansen K, Riccardi G, Rivellese AA, Tapsell LC, Nalsen C, Berglund L, Louheranta A, Rasmussen BM, Calvert GD, Maffetone A, Pedersen E, Gustafsson IB, Storlien LH. Substituting dietary saturated for monounsaturated fat impairs insulin sensitivity in healthy men and women: The KANWU Study. Diabetologia 2001; 44: 312-319. EK Ib
- 610 Viklund G, Ortqvist E, Wikblad K. Assessment of an empowerment education programme. A randomized study in teenagers with diabetes. Diabet Med 2007; 24: 550-556. EK Ib
- 611 Viner RM, Christie D, Taylor V, Hey S. Motivational/solutionfocused intervention improves HbA1c in adolescents with Type 1 diabetes: A pilot study. Diabet Med 2003; 20: 739-742. EK III
- 612 von Sengbusch S, Muller-Godeffroy E, Hager S, Reintjes R, Hiort O, Wagner V. Mobile diabetes education and care: intervention for children and young people with Type 1 diabetes in rural areas of northern Germany. Diabet Med 2006; 23: 122-127. EK IIb
- 613 Wabitsch M, Hertrampf M, Mayer H, Heinze E. Glucosetoleranz und Insulinresistenz bei Kindern und Jugendlichen mit Adipositas. Diabet Stoffw 2002; Suppl 10 34. EK III
- 614 Wagner VM, Grabert M, Holl RW. Severe hypoglycaemia, metabolic control and diabetes management in children with type 1 diabetes in the decade after the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial – a large-scale multicentre study. Eur J Pediatr 2005; 164: 73-79 IIb-III
- 615 Wagner VM, Kremke B, Hiort O, Flanagan SE, Pearson ER. Transition from insulin to sulfonylurea in a child with diabetes due to a mutation in KCNJ11 encoding Kir6.2–initial and long-term response to sulfonylurea therapy. Eur J Pediatr 2009; 168: 359-361
- 616 Waldron S, Rurik I, Madacsy L, Donnasson-Eudes S, Rosu M, Skovlund SE, Pankowska E, Allgrove J. Good practice recommendations on paediatric training programmes for health care professionals in the EU. Pediatr Diabetes 2012; 13 Suppl 16 29-38. EK IV
- 617 Wambach JA, Marshall BA, Koster JC, White NH, Nichols CG. Successful sulfonylurea treatment of an insulin-naive neonate with diabetes mellitus due to a KCNJ11 mutation. Pediatr Diabetes 2010; 11: 286-288
- 618 Wang YC, Stewart SM, Mackenzie M, Nakonezny PA, Edwards D, White PC. A randomized controlled trial comparing motivational interviewing in education to structured diabetes education in teens with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2010; 33: 1741-1743. EK Ib
- 619 Warncke K, Frohlich-Reiterer EE, Thon A, Hofer SE, Wiemann D, Holl RW. Polyendocrinopathy in children, adolescents, and young adults with type 1 diabetes: a multicenter analysis of 28 671 patients from the German/Austrian DPV-Wiss database. Diabetes Care 2010; 33: 2010-2012. EK III
- 620 Watts GF, Gregory L, Naoumova R, Kubal C, Shaw KM. Nutrient intake in insulin-dependent diabetic patients with incipient nephropathy. Eur J Clin Nutr 1988; 42: 697-702. EK III
- 621 Weinzimer SA, Swan KL, Sikes KA, Ahern JH. Emerging evidence for the use of insulin pump therapy in infants, toddlers, and preschool-aged children with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2006; 7 Suppl 4 15-19. EK Ia-III
- 622 Weissberg-Benchell J, Glasgow AM, Tynan WD, Wirtz P, Turek J, Ward J. Adolescent diabetes management and mismanagement. Diabet Care 1995; 18: 77-82. EK III
- 623 Weitzel D, Obermann B, Rogge R. Tagesklinische Ersteinstellung des kindlichen und jugendlichen IDDM. Diabet Stoffw 1997; 6: 110. EK IV
- 624 Wells T, Frame V, Soffer B, Shaw W, Zhang Z, Herrera P, Shahinfar S. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response study of the effectiveness and safety of enalapril for children with hypertension. J Clin Pharmacol 2002; 42: 870-880. EK Ib
- 625 White NH, Cleary PA, Dahms W, Goldstein D, Malone J, Tamborlane WV. Beneficial effects of intensive therapy of diabetes during adolescence: outcomes after the conclusion of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT). J Pediatr 2001; 139: 804-812. EK Ib
- 626 White NH, Sun W, Cleary PA, Danis RP, Davis MD, Hainsworth DP, Hubbard LD, Lachin JM, Nathan DM. Prolonged effect of intensive therapy on the risk of retinopathy complications in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: 10 years after the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Arch Ophthalmol 2008; 126: 1707-1715. EK Ib
- 627 Whittemore R, Jaser S, Chao A, Jang M, Grey M. Psychological experience of parents of children with type 1 diabetes: a systematic mixed-studies review. Diabetes Educ 2012; 38: 562-579. EK Ib
- 628 Wiebe DJ, Berg CA, Korbel C, Palmer DL, Beveridge RM, Upchurch R, Lindsay R, Swinyard MT, Donaldson DL. Children's appraisals of maternal involvement in coping with diabetes: Enhancing our understanding of adherence, metabolic control, and quality of life across adolescence. J Pediatr Psychol 2005; 30: 167-178 EK III
- 629 Wisting L, Froisland DH, Skrivarhaug T, Dahl-Jorgensen K, Ro O. Disturbed eating behavior and omission of insulin in adolescents receiving intensified insulin treatment: a nationwide population-based study. Diabetes Care 2013; 36: 3382-3387. EK III
- 630 Wolfsdorf J, Craig ME, Daneman D, Dunger D, Edge J, Lee WR, Rosenbloom A, Sperling MA, Hanas R. Diabetic ketoacidosis. Pediatr Diabetes 2007; 8: 28-43. EK IV
- 631 Wolfsdorf JI, Allgrove J, Craig ME, Edge J, Glaser N, Jain V, Lee WW, Mungai LN, Rosenbloom AL, Sperling MA, Hanas R. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2014. Diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state. Pediatr Diabetes 2014; 15 Suppl 20 154-179. EK IV
- 632 Wolfsdorf JI, Glaser N, Agus M. et al ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2018: Diabetic ketoacidosis and the hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state. Pediatr Diabetes 2018; Oct 19 (Suppl 27) 155-177 doi: 10.1111/pedi.12701. No abstract available.
- 633 Wood JR, Moreland EC, Volkening LK, Svoren BM, Butler DA, Laffel LM. Durability of insulin pump use in pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 2355-2360 EK IIb-III
- 634 World Health Organinsation (WHO) Technical Report Series 916. Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases. Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation. WHO; Geneva: 2003. EK IV
- 635 Wühl E, Witte K, Soergel M, Mehls O, Schaefer F. Distribution of 24-h ambulatory blood pressure in children: normalized reference values and role of body dimensions. J Hypertens 2002; 20: 1995-2007. EK IIb
- 636 Wysocki T, Greco P, Harris MA, Bubb J, White NH. Behavior therapy for families of adolescents with diabetes: maintenance of treatment effects. Diabetes Care 2001; 24: 441-446 EK IIa
- 637 Wysocki T, Harris MA, Buckloh LM, Mertlich D, Lochrie AS, Mauras N, White NH. Randomized trial of behavioral family systems therapy for diabetes: maintenance of effects on diabetes outcomes in adolescents. Diabetes Care 2007; 30: 555-360. EK Ib
- 638 Wysocki T, Harris MA, Buckloh LM, Mertlich D, Lochrie AS, Taylor A, Sadler M, White NH. Randomized, controlled trial of Behavioral Family Systems Therapy for Diabetes: main- tenance and generalization of effects on parent-adolescent communication. Behav Ther 2008; 39: 33-46. EK Ib
- 639 Wysocki T, Harris MA, Greco P, Bubb J, Danda CE, Harvey LM, McDonell K, Taylor A, White NH. Randomized, controlled trial of behavior therapy for families of adolescents with insulin- dependent diabetes mellitus. J Pediatr Psychol 2000; 25: 23-33 EK Ib
- 640 Wysocki T, Lochrie A, Antal H, Buckloh LM. Youth and parent knowledge and communication about major complications of type 1 diabetes: associations with diabetes outcomes. Diabetes Care 2011; 34: 1701-1705. EK Ib
- 641 Wysocki T, Lochrie A, Antal H, Buckloh LM. Youth and parent knowledge and communication about major complications of type 1 diabetes: associations with diabetes outcomes. Diabetes Care 2011; 34: 1701-1705. EK III
- 642 Wysocki T, Taylor A, Hough BS, Linscheid TR, Yeates KO, Naglieri JA. Deviation from developmentally appropriate self-care autonomy. Association with diabetes outcomes. Diabet Care 1997; 19: 121-125. EK IIb
- 643 Yokota Y, Kikuchi N, Matsuura N. Screening for diabetes by urine glucose testing at school in Japan. Pediatr Diabetes 2004; 5: 212-218 EK III
- 644 Young V, Eiser C, Johnson B, Brierley S, Epton T, Elliott J, Heller S. Eating problems in adolescents with Type 1 diabetes: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Diabet Med 2013; 30: 189-198. EK Ia
- 645 Zeitler P, Fu J, Tandon N, Nadeau K, Urakami T, Barrett T, Maahs D. ISPADClinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2014. Type 2 diabetes in the child and adolescent. Pediatr Diabetes 2014; 15: 26-46. EK IV
- 646 Zenlea IS, Mednick L, Rein J, Quinn M, Wolfsdorf J, Rhodes ET. Routine behavioral and mental health screening in young children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Pediatr Diabetes 2014; 15: 384-388. EK III
- 647 Ziegler AG, Rewers M, Simell O. et al. Seroconversion to multiple islet autoantibodies and risk of progression to diabetes in children. JAMA 2013; 309 (23) 2473-2479
- 648 Ziegler AG, Schmid S, Huber D, Hummel M, Bonifacio E. Early infant feeding and risk of developing type 1 diabetesassociated autoantibodies. JAMA 2003; 290: 1721-1728 EK III
- 649 Ziegler R, Heidtmann B, Hilgard D, Hofer S, Rosenbauer J, Holl R. Frequency of SMBG correlates with HbA1c and acute complications in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2011; 12: 11-17. EK III
- 650 Ziegler R, Neu A. Diabetes in Childhood and Adolescence. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2018; Mar 2 115 (09) 146-156 doi: 10.3238/arztebl.2018.0146
- 651 Zung A, Glaser B, Nimri R, Zadik Z. Glibenclamide treatment in permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus due to an activating mutation in Kir6.2. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 5504-5507. EK III