Environmental Temperature and Glycogen Resynthesis

 

 Buy Article Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of hot (H) and room temperature (RT) recovery environments on glycogen resynthesis. Nine male participants completed two trials, cycling for 1 h in a temperature-controlled chamber (32.6°C), followed by 4 h of recovery at 32.6°C (H) or 22.2°C (RT). Rectal temperature was continuously recorded. A carbohydrate beverage (1.8 g/kg bodyweight) was supplied at 0 and 2 h post-exercise. Muscle biopsies were taken immediately, 2 h, and 4 h post-exercise for glycogen analysis. Blood samples were taken at 30, 60, 120, 150, 180, and 240 min into recovery for glucose and insulin analysis. Expired gas was collected at 105 min and 225 min into recovery to calculate whole body carbohydrate oxidation. Average core temperature, whole body carbohydrate oxidation, and serum glucose at 120, 150, 180 and 240 min was higher in H compared to RT (p<0.05). Muscle glycogen was higher in RT vs. H at 4 h (105±28 vs. 88±24 mmol·kg⁻¹ wet weight, respectively; p<0.05), but no different at 0 and 2 h. There was no difference in serum insulin. These data indicate the importance of minimizing the exposure to heat after exercise to improve recovery, specifically to improve glycogen resynthesis.

References

• 1 Bergström J, Hermansen L, Hultman E, Saltin B. Diet, muscle glycogen and physical performance.  Acta Physiol Scand. 1967;  71 140-150
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 2 Casey A, Mann R, Banister K, Fox J, Morris PG, MacDonald IA, Greenhaff PL. Effect of carbohydrate ingestion on glycogen resynthesis in human liver and skeletal muscle, measured by ¹³C MRS.  Am J Physiol. 2000;  278 E65-E75
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 3 Castellani JW, Delany JP, O’Brien C, Hoyt RW, Santee WR, Young AJ. Energy expenditure in men and women during 54 h of exercise and caloric deprivation.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006;  38 894-900
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 4 Claremont A, Nagle F, Reddan W, Brooks G. Comparison of metabolic, temperature, heart rate and ventilatory responses to exercise at extreme ambient temperatures (0° and 35°C.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1975;  7 150-154
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 5 Craig JW, Larner J. Influence of epinephrine and insulin on uridine diphosphate glucose-alpha-glucan transferase and phosphorylase in muscle.  Nature. 1964;  202 971-973
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 6 Danforth WH. Glycogen synthetase activity in skeletal muscle.  J Biol Chem. 1965;  240 588-593
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 7 Evans WJ, Phinney SD, Young VR. Suction applied to a muscle biopsy maximizes sample size.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1982;  14 101-102
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 8 Febbraio MA, Carey M, Snow R, Stathis C, Hargreaves M. Influence of elevated muscle temperature on metabolism during intense, dynamic exercise.  Am J Physiol. 1996;  271 R1251-R1255
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 9 Febbraio MA, Snow R, Stathis C, Hargreaves M, Carey M. Effect of heat stress on muscle energy metabolism during exercise.  J Appl Physiol. 1994;  77 2827-2831
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 10 Fink WJ, Costill DL, Van Handel PJ. Leg muscle metabolism during exercise in the heat and cold.  Eur J Appl Physiol. 1975;  34 183-190
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 11 Goldman HI, Becklake MR. Respiratory function tests; normal values at median altitudes and the prediction of normal results.  Am Rev Tuberc. 1959;  79 457-467
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 12 Gollnick P, Armstrong R, Saubert IV C, Sembrowich W, Shepherd R, Saltin B. Glycogen depletion patterns in human skeletal muscle fibers during prolonged work.  Eur J Appl Physiol. 1973;  344 1-12
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 13 Greiwe JS, Hickner RC, Hansen PA, Racette SB, Chen MM, Holloszy JO. Effects of endurance exercise training on muscle glycogen accumulation in humans.  J Appl Physiol. 1999;  87 222-226
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 14 Hansen PA, Nolte LA, Chen MM, Holloszy JO. Increased GLUT-4 translocation mediates enhanced insulin sensitivity of muscle glucose transport after exercise.  J Appl Physiol. 1998;  85 1218-1222
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 15 Hargreaves M, Angus D, Howlett K, Conus NM, Febbraio M. Effect of heat stress on glucose kinetics during exercise.  J Appl Physiol. 1996;  81 1594-1597
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 16 Harris DJ, Atkinson G. International Journal of Sports Medicine – Ethical Standards of Sport and Exercise Science Research.  Int J Sports Med. 2009;  30 701-702
  Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 17 Hermansen L, Hultman E, Saltin B. Muscle glycogen during prolonged severe exercise.  Acta Physiol Scand. 1967;  71 129-139
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 18 Hutson NJ, Brumley FT, Assimacopoulous FD, Harper SC, Exton JH. Studies on the alpha-adrenergic activation of hepatic glucose output. I. Studies on the alpha-adrenergic activation of phosphorylase and gluconeogenesis and inactivation of glycogen synthase in isolated rat liver parenchymal cells.  J Biol Chem. 1976;  251 5200-5208
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 19 Ivy JL, Goforth J, Harold W, Damon BM, McCauley TR, Parsons EC, Price TB. Early postexercise glycogen recovery is enhanced with a carbohydrate-protein supplement.  J Appl Physiol. 2002;  93 1337-1344
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 20 Ivy JL, Katz AL, Cutler CL, Sherman WM, Coyle EF. Muscle glycogen synthesis after exercise: effect of time of carbohydrate ingestion.  J Appl Physiol. 1988;  64 1480-1485
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 21 Ivy JL, Lee MC, Brozinick Jr JT, Reed MJ. Muscle glycogen storage after different amounts of carbohydrate ingestion.  J Appl Physiol. 1988;  65 2018-2023
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 22 Jentjens RL, van Loon LJ, Mann CH, Wagenmakers AJ, Jeukendrup AE. Addition of protein and amino acids to carbohydrates does not enhance postexercise muscle glycogen synthesis.  J Appl Physiol. 2001;  91 839-846
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 23 Jentjens RL, Venables MC, Jeukendrup AE. Oxidation of exogenous glucose, sucrose, and maltose during prolonged cycling exercise.  J Appl Physiol. 2004;  96 1285-1291
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 24 Jentjens RL, Wagenmakers AJ, Jeukendrup AE. Heat stress increases muscle glycogen use but reduces the oxidation of ingested carbohydrates during exercise.  J Appl Physiol. 2002;  92 1562-1572
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 25 Jeukendrup AE, Wallis GA. Measurements of substrate oxidation during exercise by means of gas exchange measurements.  Int J Sports Med. 2005;  26 S28-S37
  Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 26 Nadel ER, Cafarelli E, Roberts MF, Wenger C. Circulatory regulation during exercise in different ambient temperatures.  J Appl Physiol. 1979;  46 430-437
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 27 Neufer PD, Sawka MN, Young AJ, Quigley MD, Latzka WA, Levine L. Hypohydration does not impair skeletal muscle glycogen resynthesis after exercise.  J Appl Physiol. 1991;  70 1490-1494
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 28 Nielsen JN, Richter EA. Regulation of glycogen synthase in skeletal muscle during exercise.  Acta Physiol Scand. 2003;  178 309-319
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 29 Preussner J, Kirschbaum C, Meinlschmid G, Hellhammer D. Two formulas for computation of the area under the curve represent measures of total hormone concentration versus time-dependent change.  Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2003;  916-931
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 30 Price T, Rothman D, Taylor R, Avison M, Shulman G, Shulman R. Human muscle glycogen resynthesis after exercise; insulin-dependent and -indepent phases.  J Appl Physiol. 1994;  76 104-111
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 31 Reed MJ, Brozinick Jr JT, Lee M, Ivy J. Muscle glycogen storage postexercise; effect of mode of carbohydrate administration.  J Appl Physiol. 1989;  66 720-726
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 32 Ren J-M, Semenkovich CF, Gulve EA, Gao J, Holloszy J. Exercise induces rapid increases if GLUT-4 expression, glucose transport capacity, and insulin-stimulated glycogen storage in muscle.  J Biol Chem. 1994;  269 14396-14401
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 33 Rowell LB, Brengelmann GL, Blackmon JR, Twiss RD, Kusumi F. Splanchnic blood flow and metabolism in heat-stressed man.  J Appl Physiol. 1968;  24 475-484
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 34 Ruby BC, Gaskill SE, Slivka DR, Harger SG. The addition of fenugreek extract (trigonella foenum-graecum) to glucose feeding increases muscle glycogen resynthesis after exercise.  Amino Acids. 2005;  28 71-76
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 35 Ruby BC, Shriver TC, Zderic TW, Sharkey BJ, Burks C, Tysk S. Total energy expenditure during arduous wildfire suppression.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002;  34 1048-1054
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 36 Siri WE. Body composition from fluid spaces and density: analysis of methods.  Nutrition. 1993;  9 480-491 discussion 480, 492
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 37 Starkie R, Hargreaves M, Lambert D, Proietto J, Febbraio M. Effect of temperature on muscle metabolism during submaximal exercise in humans.  Exp Physiol. 1999;  84 775-784
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 38 Starkie RL, Hargreaves M, Rolland J, Febbraio MA. Heat stress, cytokines, and the immune response to exercise.  Brain Behav Immun. 2005;  19 404-412
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 39 Thorell A, Hirshman MF, Nygren J, Jorfeldt L, Wojtaszewski JF, Dufresne SD, Horton ES, LjungqvistI O, Goodyear LJ. Exercise and insulin cause GLUT-4 translocation in human skeletal muscle.  Am J Physiol. 1999;  277 E733-E741
  PubMedGoogle Scholar

Correspondence

Dr. Brent Ruby

The University of Montana

Montana Center for Work Physiology

and Exercise Metabolism

32 Campus Drive

59812 Missoula

United States

Phone: + 1/406/243 2117

Fax: + 1/406/243 6252

Email: brent.ruby@mso.umt.edu