Download PDF
Int J Sports Med 2011; 32(2): 75-99
DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1268010
Review

© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Vibration Exercise: The Potential Benefits

D. J. Cochrane1
  • 1Massey University, School of Sport & Exercise, Palmerston North, New Zealand
Further Information

Publication History

accepted after revision October 06, 2010

Publication Date:
16 December 2010 (online)

Also available at
   Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

The aim of this review was to examine the physiological effects of vibration exercise (VbX), including the cardiovascular indices and to elucidate its potential use for those with compromised health. VbX has long been acknowledged as a potential modality in sport, exercise, and health sectors. Muscle force and power have been shown to increase after VbX for athletes, the aged and those with diseases, where neural factors are thought to be the main contributor. Further, similarities to the tonic vibration reflex have been used to propose that the muscle spindle plays a role in activating the muscle which could benefit those with compromised health. There is strong evidence that acute VbX can enhance upper and lower-body muscle power, and there is some indication that longer-term VbX can augment muscle power of upper and lower body extremities, although this is less convincing. It is not conclusive whether VbX increases force attributes. This has been fraught by the type and parameters used for various muscle contractions, and the different sample populations that have varied in chronological age, experience and training status. VbX provides an insufficient stimulus to enhance cardiovascular indices, where VbX cannot increase heart rate to the same extent as conventional aerobic exercise. But when conventional aerobic exercise is not possible, for example, in aged, cardiovascular compromised persons, VbX could be implemented at an early stage because it could provide a safe induction of a slight elevation of cardiovascular function indices while providing neural and myogenic benefits. In conclusion, VbX is a safe modality to increase physiological responses of reflex and muscle activity, and muscle function, for athletes, the aged and compromised health. However, further research should focus on the optimum dose relationship of frequency, amplitude and duration for the various populations.

Key words

tendon reflex - EMG - heart rate - blood pressure - power - force

References

  • 1 Abercromby AFJ, Amonette WE, Layne CS, McFarlin BK, Hinman MR, Paloski WH. Variation in neuromuscular responses during acute whole-body vibration exercise.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;  39 1642-1650
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Abercromby AFJ, Amonette WE, Layne CS, McFarlin BK, Hinman MR, Paloski WH. Vibration exposure and biodynamic responses during whole-body vibration training.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;  39 1794-1800
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Adams JB, Edwards D, Serviette D, Bedient A, Huntsman E, Jacobs KA, Del Rossi G, Roos BA, Signorile JF. Optimal frequency, displacment, duration, and recovery patterns to maximise power output following acute whole-body vibration.  J Strength Cond Res. 2009;  23 237-245
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Annino G, Padua E, Castagna C, Di Salvo V, Minichella S, Tsarpela O, Manzi V, D’Ottavio S. Effect of whole body vibration training on lower limb performance in selected high-level ballet student.  J Strength Cond Res. 2007;  21 1072-1076
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Armstrong WJ, Nestle HN, Grinnell DC, Cole LD, Van Gilder EL, Warren GS, Capizzi EA. The acute effect of whole-body vibration on the Hoffmann reflex.  J Strength Cond Res. 2008;  22 471-476
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Baum K, Votteler T, Schiab J. Efficiency of vibration exercise for glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients.  Int J Med Sci. 2007;  4 159-163
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Bautmans I, Van Hees E, Lemper J-C, Mets T. The feasibility of whole body vibration in institutionalised elderly persons and its influence on muscle performance, balance, and mobility: a randomised controlled trial.  BMC Geriatr. 2005;  5 1-8
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Bazett-Jones DM, Finch HW, Dugan EL. Comparing the effects of various whole-body vibration accelerations on counter-movement jump performance.  J Sports Sci Med. 2008;  7 144-150
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Bogaerts A, Delecluse C, Claessens AL, Coudyzer W, Boonen S, Verschueren SMP. Impact of whole-body vibration training versus fitness training on muscle strength and muscle mass in older men: A 1-year randomized controlled trial.  J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2007;  62 630-635
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Bogaerts A, Verschueren S, Delecluse C, Claessens AL, Boonen S. Effects of whole body vibration training on postural control in older individuals: A 1 year randomized controlled trial.  Gait Posture. 2007;  26 309-316
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Bongiovanni LG, Hagbarth KE. Tonic vibration reflexes elicited during fatigue from maximal voluntary contractions in man.  J Physiol. 1990;  423 1-14
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Bosco C, Cardinale M, Tsarpela O. Influence of vibration on mechanical power and electromyogram activity in human arm flexor muscles.  Eur J Appl Physiol. 1999;  79 306-311
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Bosco C, Cardinale M, Tsarpela O, Colli R, Tihanyi J, Duvillard SP, Viru A. The influence of whole body vibration on jumping performance.  Biol Sport. 1998;  15 157-164
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Bosco C, Colli R, Introini E, Cardinale M, Tsarpela O, Madella A, Tihanyi J, Viru A. Adaptive responses of human skeletal muscle to vibration exposure.  Clin Physiol. 1999;  19 183-187
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Bosco C, Iacovelli M, Tsarpela O, Viru A. Hormonal responses to whole body vibration in men.  Eur J Appl Physiol. 2000;  81 449-454
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Broadbent S, Rousseau J, Thorp RM, Choate SL, Jackson FS, Rowlands DS. Vibration therapy reduces plasma IL-6 and muscle soreness after downhill running.  Br J Sports Med. 2008;  DOI: doi:10.1136/bjsm052100
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Brooks N, Layne JE, Gordon PL, Roubenoff R, Nelson ME, Castaneda-Sceppa C. Strength training improves muscle quality and insulin sensitivity in Hispanic older adults with type 2 diabetes.  Int J Med Sci. 2007;  4 19-27
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Bullock N, Martin DT, Ross A, Rosemond CD, Jordan MJ, Marino FE. Acute effect of whole-body vibration on sprint and jumping performance in elite skeleton athletes.  J Strength Cond Res. 2008;  22 1371-1374
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Burke JR, Schutten MC, Koceja DM, Kamen G. Age-dependent effects of muscle vibration and the Jendrassik maneuver on the patellar tendon reflex response.  Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1996;  77 600-604
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Button C, Anderson N, Bradford C, Cotter JD, Ainslie PN. The effect of multidirectional mechanical vibration on peripheral circulation of humans.  Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2007;  27 211-216
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Cardinale M, Bosco C. The use of vibration as an exercise intervention.  Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2003;  31 3-7
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Cardinale M, Erskine JA. Vibration training in elite sport: effective training solution or just another fad?.  Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2008;  3 232-239
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Cardinale M, Ferrari M, Quaresima V. Gastrocnemius medialis and vastus lateralis oxygenation during whole-body vibration exercise.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;  39 694-700
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Cardinale M, Leiper J, Erskine J, Milroy M, Bell S. The acute effects of different whole body vibration amplitudes on the endocrine system of young healthy men: a preliminary study.  Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2006;  26 380-384
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Cardinale M, Lim J. Electromyography activity of vastus lateralis muscle during whole-body vibrations of different frequencies.  J Strength Cond Res. 2003;  17 621-624
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Cardinale M, Wakeling J. Whole body vibration exercise: are vibrations good for you?.  Br J Sports Med. 2005;  39 585-589
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Cauza E, Hanusch-Enserer U, Strasser B, Ludvik B, Metz-Schimmerl S, Pacini G, Wagner O, Georg P, Prager R, Kostner K, Dunky A, Haber P. The relative benefits of endurance and strength training on the metabolic factors and muscle function of people with type 2 diabetes mellitus.  Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005;  86 1527-1533
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Cheung WH, Mok HW, Qin L, Sze PC, Lee KM, Leung KS. High-frequency whole-body vibration improves balancing ability in elderly women.  Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2007;  88 852-857
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Cochrane DJ, Hawke EJ. Effects of acute upper-body vibration on strength and power variables in climbers.  J Strength Cond Res. 2007;  21 527-531
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Cochrane DJ, Legg SJ, Hooker MJ. The short-term effect of whole-body vibration training on vertical jump, sprint, and agility performance.  J Strength Cond Res. 2004;  18 828-832
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Cochrane DJ, Sartor F, Winwood K, Stannard SR, Narici M, Rittweger J. A comparison of the acute physiologic effects of acute whole-body vibration exercise in young and older people.  Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2008;  89 815-821
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Cochrane DJ, Stannard SR. Acute whole body vibration training increases vertical jump and flexibility performance in elite female field hockey players.  Br J Sports Med. 2005;  39 860-865
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Cochrane DJ, Stannard SR, Firth EC, Rittweger J. Acute whole-body vibration elicits post-activation potentiation.  Eur J Appl Physiol. 2010;  108 311-319
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Cochrane DJ, Stannard SR, Sargeant T, Rittweger J. The rate of muscle temperature increase during acute whole-body vibration exercise.  Eur J Appl Physiol. 2008;  103 441-448
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Colson SS, Petit P-D, Hebreard L, Tessaro J, Pensini M. Whole-body vibration does not enhance muscle activaton.  Int J Sports Med. 2009;  In Press
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Cormie P, Deane RS, Triplett NT, McBride JM. Acute effects of whole-body vibration on muscle activity, strength, and power.  J Strength Cond Res. 2006;  20 257-261
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Crewther B, Cronin J, Keogh J. Gravitational forces and whole body vibration: implications for prescription of vibratory stimulation.  Phys Ther Sport. 2004;  5 37-43
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Cronin JB, Oliver M, McNair PJ. Muscle stiffness and injury effects of whole body vibration.  Phys Ther Sport. 2004;  5 68-74
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Da Silva ME, Nunez VM, Vaamonde D, Fernandez JM, Poblador MS, Garcia-Manso JM, Lancho JL. Effects of different frequencies of whole body vibration on muscular performance.  Biol Sport. 2006;  23 267-282
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 de Ruiter CJ, van der Linden RM, van der Zijden MJA, Hollander AP, de Haan A. Short-term effects of whole-body vibration on maximal voluntary isometric knee extensor force and rate of force rise.  Eur J Appl Physiol. 2003;  88 472-475
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 de Ruiter CJ, van Raak SM, Schilperoort JV, Hollander AP, de Haan A. The effects of 11 weeks whole body vibration training on jump height, contractile properties and activation of human knee extensors.  Eur J Appl Physiol. 2003;  90 595-600
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Delecluse C, Roelants M, Diels R, Koninckx E, Verschueren S. Effects of whole body vibration training on muscle strength and sprint performance in sprint-trained athletes.  Int J Sports Med. 2005;  26 638-644
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Delecluse C, Roelants M, Verschueren S. Strength increase after whole-body vibration compared with resistance training.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;  35 1033-1041
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Di Giminiani R, Tihanyi J, Safar S, Scrimaglio R. The effects of vibration on explosive and reactive strength when applying individualized vibration frequencies.  J Sports Sci. 2009;  27 169-177
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Di Loreto C, Ranchelli A, Lucidi P, Murdolo G, Parlanti N, De Cicco A, Tsarpela O, Annino G, Bosco C, Santeusanio F, Bolli GB, De Feo P. Effects of whole-body vibration exercise on the endocrine system of healthy men.  J Endocrinol Invest. 2004;  27 323-327
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Dunstan DW, Daly RM, Owen N, Jolley D, De Courten M, Shaw J, Zimmet P. High-intensity resistance training improves glycemic control in older patients with type 2 diabetes.  Diabetes Care. 2002;  25 1729-1736
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Ebersbach G, Edler D, Kaufhold O, Wissel J. Whole body vibration versus conventional physiotherapy to improve balance and gait in Parkinson's disease.  Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2008;  89 399-403
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Erskine J, Smillie I, Leiper J, Ball D, Cardinale M. Neuromuscular and hormonal responses to a single session of whole body vibration exercise in healthy young men.  Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2007;  27 242-248
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Fagnani F, Giombini A, Di Cesare A, Pigozzi F, Di Salvo V. The effects of a whole-body vibration program on muscle performance and flexibility in female athletes.  Am J Phys Med Rehab. 2006;  85 956-962
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Gregory JE, McIntyre AK, Proske U. Tendon organ afferents in the knee-joint nerve of the cat.  Neurosci Lett. 1989;  103 287-292
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Gusi N, Raimundo A, Leal A. Low-frequency vibratory exercise reduces the risk of bone fracture more than walking: a randomized controlled trial.  BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006;  30 92
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Haas CT, Buhlmann A, Turbanski S, Schmidtbleicher D. Proprioceptive and sensorimotor performance in Parkinson's disease.  Res Sports Med. 2006;  14 273-287
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Haas CT, Turbanski S, Kaiser I, Schmidtbleicher D. Influences of whole-body-vibration on symptom structure in Parkinson's disease.  J Neurol. 2004;  251 18
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Hazell TJ, Jakobi JM, Kenno KA. The effects of whole-body vibration on upper- and lower-body EMG during static and dynamic contractions.  Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2007;  32 1156-1163
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Hazell TJ, Thomas GWR, DeGuire JR, Lemon PWR. Vertical whole-body vibration does not increase cardiovascular stress to static semi-squat exercise.  Eur J Appl Physiol. 2008;  104 903-908
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 Hodgson M, Docherty D, Robbins D. Post-activation potentiation – Underlying physiology and implications for motor performance.  Sports Med. 2005;  35 585-595
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 Hopkins JT, Fredericks D, Guyon PW, Parker S, Gage M, Feland JB, Hunter I. Whole body vibration does not potentiate the stretch reflex.  Int J Sports Med. 2008;  30 124-129
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 58 Humphries B, Warman G, Purton J, Doyle T, Dugan E. The influence of vibration on muscle activation and rate of force development during maximal isometric contractions.  J Sports Sci Med. 2004;  3 16-22
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 59 Issurin VB, Liebermann DG, Tenenbaum G. Effect of vibratory stimulation training on maximal force and flexibility.  J Sports Sci. 1994;  12 561-566
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 60 Issurin VB, Tenenbaum G. Acute and residual effects of vibratory stimulation on explosive strength in elite and amateur athletes.  J Sports Sci. 1999;  17 177-182
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 61 Jackson KJ, Merriman HL, Vanderburgh PM, Brahler CJ. Acute effects of whole-body vibration on lower extremity muscle performance in persons with multiple sclerosis.  J Neurol Phys Ther. 2008;  32 171-176
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 62 Jackson SW, Turner DL. Prolonged muscle vibration reduces maximal voluntary knee extension performance in both the ipsilateral and the contralateral limb in man.  Eur J Appl Physiol. 2003;  88 380-386
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 63 Jacobs PL, Burns P. Acute enhancement of lower-extremity dynamic strength and flexibility with whole-body vibration.  J Strength Cond Res. 2008;  23 51-57
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 64 Jordan M, Norris S, Smith D, Herzog W. Acute effects of whole-body vibration on peak isometric torque, muscle twitch torque and voluntary muscle activation of the knee extensors.  Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2010;  20 535-540
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 65 Kawanabe K, Kawashima A, Sashimoto I, Takeda T, Sato Y, Iwamoto J. Effect of whole-body vibration exercise and muscle strengthening, balance, and walking exercises on walking ability in the elderly.  Keio J Med. 2007;  56 28-33
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 66 Kemertzis MA, Lythgo ND, Morgan DL, Galea MP. Ankle flexors produce peak torque at longer muscle lengths after whole-body vibration.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008;  40 1977-1983
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 67 Kerschan-Schindl K, Grampp S, Henk C, Resch H, Preisinger E, Fialka-Moser V, Imhof H. Whole-body vibration exercise leads to alterations in muscle blood volume.  Clin Physiol. 2001;  21 377-382
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 68 Kin-Isler A, Acikada C, Aritan S. Effects of vibration on maximal isometric muscle contraction at different joint angles.  Isokinet Exerc Sci. 2006;  14 213-220
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 69 Kvorning T, Bagger M, Caserotti P, Madsen K. Effects of vibration and resistance training on neuromuscular and hormonal measures.  Eur J Appl Physiol. 2006;  96 615-625
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 70 Lafortune MA, Lake MJ, Hennig EM. Differential shock transmission response of the human body to impact severity and lower limb posture.  J Biomech. 1996;  29 1531-1537
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 71 Lauper M, Kuhn A, Gerber R, Luginbuhl H, Radlinger L. Pelvic floor stimulation: What are the good vibrations?.  Neurourol Urodyn. 2009;  28 405-410
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 72 Lohman EB, Scott PJ, Maloney-Hinds C, Betts-Schwab H, Thorpe D. The effect of whole body vibration on lower extremity skin blood flow in normal subjects.  Med Sci Monit. 2007;  13 71-76
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 73 Lorenzen C, Maschette W, Koh M, Wilson C. Inconsistent use of terminology in whole body vibration exercise research.  J Sci Med Sport. 2009;  12 676-678
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 74 Luo J, Clarke M, McNamara B, Moran K. Influence of resistance load on neuromuscular response to vibration training.  J Strength Cond Res. 2009;  23 420-426
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 75 Luo J, McNamara B, Moran K. Effect of vibration training on neuromuscular output with ballistic knee extensions.  J Sports Sci. 2008;  26 1365-1373
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 76 Lythgo N, Eser P, de Groot P, Galea M. Whole-body vibration dosage alters leg blood flow.  Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2009;  29 53-59
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 77 Mahieu NN, Witvrouw E, Van de Voorde D, Michilsens D, Arbyn V, Van den Broecke W. Improving strength and postural control in young skiers: Whole-body vibration versus equivalent resistance training.  J Athl Training. 2006;  41 286-293
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 78 Maloney-Hinds C, Petrofsky JS, Zimmerman G. The effect of 30 Hz vs. 50 Hz passive vibration and duration of vibration on skin blood flow in the arm.  Med Sci Monit. 2008;  14 CR112-CR116
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 79 McBride JM, Nuzzo JL, Dayne AM, Israetel MA, Nieman DC, Triplett NT. Effect of an acute bout of whole body vibration exercise on muscle force output and motor neuron excitability.  J Strength Cond Res. 2010;  24 184-189
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 80 McCloskey DI, Matthews PB, Mitchell JH. Absence of appreciable cardiovascular and respiratory responses to muscle vibration.  J Appl Physiol. 1972;  33 623-626
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 81 Melnyk M, Kofler B, Faist M, Hodapp M, Gollhofer A. Effect of a whole-body vibration session on knee stability.  Int J Sports Med. 2008;  29 839-844
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 82 Mester J, Spitzenpfeil P, Schwarzer J, Seifriz F. Biological reaction to vibration – implications for sport.  J Sci Med Sport. 1999;  2 211-226
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 83 Mileva KN, Naleem AA, Biswas SK, Marwood S, Bowtell JL. Acute effects of a vibration-like stimulus during knee extension exercise.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006;  38 1317-1328
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 84 Mischi M, Cardinale M. The effects of a 28-Hz vibration on arm muscle activity during isometric exercise.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009;  41 645-652
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 85 Moran K, McNamara B, Luo J. Effect of vibration training in maximal effort (70% 1RM) dynamic bicep curls.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;  39 526-533
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 86 Nazarov V, Spivak G. Development of athlete's strength abilities by means of biomechanical stimulation method.  Theo Prac Phys Cult (Moscow). 1985;  12 445-450
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 87 Nigg BM, Wakeling JM. Impact forces and muscle tuning: a new paradigm.  Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2001;  29 37-41
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 88 Nishihira Y, Iwaski T, Hatta A, Wasaka T, Kanada T, Kuroiwa K, Akiyawa S, Kida T, Ryol K. Effect of whole body vibration stimulus and voluntary contraction on motoneuron pool.  Adv Exerc Sports Physiol. 2002;  8 83-86
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 89 Ostergard T, Andersen JL, Nyholm B, Lund S, Nair KS, Saltin B, Schmitz O. Impact of exercise training on insulin sensitivity, physical fitness, and muscle oxidative capacity in first-degree relatives of type 2 diabetic patients.  Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2006;  290 998-1005
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 90 Otsuki T, Takanami Y, Aoi W, Kawai Y, Ichikawa H, Yoshikawa T. Arterial stiffness acutely decreases after whole-body vibration in humans.  Acta Physiol. 2008;  194 189-194
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 91 Pel JJM, Bagheri J, van Dam LM, van den Berg-Emons HJG, Horemans HLD, Stam HJ, van der Steen J. Platform accelerations of three different whole-body vibration devices and the transmission of vertical vibrations to the lower limbs.  Med Eng Phys. 2009;  31 937-944
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 92 Pellegrini MJ, Lythgo ND, Morgan DL, Galea MP. Voluntary activation of the ankle plantar flexors following whole-body vibration.  Eur J Appl Physiol. 2010;  108 927-934
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 93 Pierrot-Deseilligny E, Mazevet D. The monosynaptic reflex: a tool to investigate motor control in humans. Interest and limits.  Neurophysiol Clin. 2000;  30 67-80
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 94 Poston B, Holcomb WR, Guadagnoli MA, Linn LL. The acute effects of mechanical vibration on power output in the bench press.  J Strength Cond Res. 2007;  21 199-203
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 95 Raimundo AM, Gusi N, Tomas-Carus P. Fitness efficacy of vibratory exercise compared to walking in postmenopausal women.  Eur J Appl Physiol. 2009;  106 741-748
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 96 Rees S, Murphy A, Watsford M. Effects of vibration exercise on muscle performance and mobility in an older population.  J Aging Phys Act. 2007;  15 367-381
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 97 Rehn B, Lidstrom J, Skoglund J, Lindstrom B. Effects on leg muscular performance from whole-body vibration exercise: a systematic review.  Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2007;  17 2-11
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 98 Rhea MR, Kenn JG. The effect of acute applications of whole-body vibration on the itonic platform on subsequent lower-body power output during the back squat.  J Strength Cond Res. 2009;  23 58-61
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 99 Rietschela E, van Koningsbruggena S, Frickeb O, Semlerb O, Schoenaub E. Whole body vibration: a new therapeutic approach to improve muscle function in cystic fibrosis?.  Int J Rehabil Res. 2008;  31 253-256
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 100 Rittweger J. Vibration as an exercise modality: how it may work, and what its potential might be.  Eur J Appl Physiol. 2010;  108 877-904
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 101 Rittweger J, Beller G, Felsenberg D. Acute physiological effects of exhaustive whole-body vibration exercise in man.  Clin Physiol. 2000;  20 134-142
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 102 Rittweger J, Ehrig J, Just K, Mutschelknauss M, Kirsch KA, Felsenberg D. Oxygen uptake in whole-body vibration exercise: influence of vibration frequency, amplitude, and external load.  Int J Sports Med. 2002;  23 428-432
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 103 Rittweger J, Mutschelknauss M, Felsenberg D. Acute changes in neuromuscular excitability after exhaustive whole body vibration exercise as compared to exhaustion by squatting exercise.  Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2003;  23 81-86
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 104 Rittweger J, Schiessl H, Felsenberg D. Oxygen uptake during whole-body vibration exercise: comparison with squatting as a slow voluntary movement.  Eur J Appl Physiol. 2001;  86 169-173
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 105 Roelants M, Delecluse C, Goris M, Verschueren S. Effects of 24 weeks of whole body vibration training on body composition and muscle strength in untrained females.  Int J Sports Med. 2004;  25 1-5
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 106 Roelants M, Delecluse C, Verschueren SM. Whole-body-vibration training increases knee-extension strength and speed of movement in older women.  J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004;  52 901-908
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 107 Roelants M, Verschueren SMP, Delecluse C, Levin O, Stijnen V. Whole-body-vibration-induced increase in leg muscle activity during different squat exercises.  J Strength Cond Res. 2006;  20 124-129
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 108 Ronnestad BR. Comparing the performance-enhancing effects of squats on a vibration platform with conventional squats in recreationally resistance-trained men.  J Strength Cond Res. 2004;  18 839-845
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 109 Rubin C, Pope M, Fritton JC, Magnusson M, Hansson T, McLeod K. Transmissibility of 15-hertz to 35-hertz vibrations to the human hip and lumbar spine: Determining the physiologic feasibility of delivering low-level anabolic mechanical stimuli to skeletal regions at greatest risk of fracture because of osteoporosis.  Spine. 2003;  28 2621-2627
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 110 Russo CR, Lauretani F, Bandinelli S, Bartali B, Cavazzini C, Guralnik JM, Ferrucci L. High-frequency vibration training increases muscle power in postmenopausal women.  Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2003;  84 1854-1857
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 111 Sale DG. Postactivation potentiation: role in human performance.  Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2002;  30 138-143
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 112 Sands WA, McNeal JR, Stone MH, Haff GG. Effect of vibration on forward split flexibility and pain perception in young male gymnasts.  Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2008;  3 469-481
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 113 Sands WA, McNeal JR, Stone MH, Kimmel WL, Haff GG, Jemni M. The effect of vibration on active and passive range of motion in elite female synchronized swimmers.  Eur J Sport Sci. 2008;  8 217-223
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 114 Savelberg H, Keizer HA, Meijer K. Whole-body vibration induced adaptation in knee extensors; Consequences of initial strengths vibration frequency, and joint angle.  J Strength Cond Res. 2007;  21 589-593
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 115 Schuhfried O, Mittermaier C, Jovanovic T, Pieber K, Paternostro-Sluga T. Effects of whole-body vibration in patients with multiple sclerosis: a pilot study.  Clin Rehabil. 2005;  19 834-842
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 116 Schyns F, Paul L, Finlay K, Ferguson C, Noble E. Vibration therapy in multiple sclerosis: a pilot study exploring its effects on tone, muscle force, sensation and functional performance.  Clin Rehabil. 2009;  23 771-781
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 117 Segal KR, Edano A, Abalos A, Albu J, Blando L, Tomas MB, Pi-Sunyer FX. Effect of exercise training on insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism in lean, obese, and diabetic men.  J Appl Physiol. 1991;  71 2402-2411
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 118 Seroussi RE, Wilder DG, Pope MH. Trunk muscle electromyography and whole-body vibration.  J Biomech. 1989;  22 219-229
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 119 Silva HR, Couto BP, Szmuchrowski LA. Effects of mechanical vibration applied in the opposite direction of muscle shortening on maximal isometric strength.  J Strength Cond Res. 2008;  22 1031-1036
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 120 Stewart JA, Cochrane DJ, Morton RH. Differential effects of whole body vibration durations on knee extensor strength.  J Sci Med Sport. 2009;  12 50-53
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 121 Thompson C, Belanger M. Effects of vibration in inline skating on the Hoffmann reflex, force, and proprioception.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002;  34 2037-2044
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 122 Tihanyi TK, Horvath M, Fazekas G, Hortobagyi T, Tihanyi J. One session of whole body vibration increases voluntary muscle strength transiently in patients with stroke.  Clin Rehabil. 2007;  21 782-793
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 123 Torvinen S, Kannus P, Sievanen H, Jarvinen TAH, Pasanen M, Kontulainen S, Jarvinen TLN, Jarvinen M, Oja P, Vuori I. Effect of a vibration exposure on muscular performance and body balance. Randomized cross-over study.  Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2002;  22 145-152
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 124 Torvinen S, Kannus P, Sievanen H, Jarvinen TAH, Pasanen M, Kontulainen S, Jarvinen TLN, Jarvinen M, Oja P, Vuori I. Effect of four-month vertical whole body vibration on performance and balance.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002;  34 1523-1528
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 125 Torvinen S, Kannus P, Sievanen H, Jarvinen TAH, Pasanen M, Kontulainen S, Nenonen A, Jarvinen TLN, Paakkala T, Jarvinen M, Vuori I. Effect of 8-month vertical whole body vibration on bone, muscle performance, and body balance: A randomized controlled study.  J Bone Miner Res. 2003;  18 876-884
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 126 Torvinen S, Sievanen H, Javinen TAH, Pasanen M, Kontulainen S, Kannus P. Effect of 4-min vertical whole body vibration on muscle performance and body balance: a randomized cross-over study.  Int J Sports Med. 2002;  23 374-379
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 127 Trans T, Aaboe J, Henriksen M, Christensen R, Bliddal H, Lund H. Effect of whole body vibration exercise on muscle strength and proprioception in females with knee osteoarthritis.  Knee. 2009;  16 256-261
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 128 Turbanski S, Haas CT, Schmidtbleicher D, Friedrich A, Duisberg P. Effects of random whole-body vibration on postural control in Parkinson's disease.  Res Sports Med. 2005;  13 243-256
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 129 van Nes IJW, Latour H, Schils F, Meijer R, van Kuijk A, Geurts ACH. Long-term effects of 6-week whole-body vibration on balance recovery and activities of daily living in the postacute phase of stroke – A randomized, controlled trial.  Stroke. 2006;  37 2331-2335
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 130 Verschueren SMP, Roelants M, Delecluse C, Swinnen S, Vanderschueren D, Boonen S. Effect of 6-month whole body vibration training on hip density, muscle strength, and postural control in postmenopausal women: A randomized controlled pilot study.  J Bone Miner Res. 2004;  19 352-359
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 131 Wakeling JM, Nigg BM, Rozitis AI. Muscle activity damps the soft tissue resonance that occurs in response to pulsed and continuous vibrations.  J Appl Physiol. 2002;  93 1093-1103
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 132 Warman G, Humphries B, Purton J. The effects of timing and application of vibration on muscular contractions.  Aviat Space Environ Med. 2002;  73 119-127
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 133 Wilcock IM, Whatman C, Harris N, Keogh JWL. Vibration training: Could it enhance the strength, power, or speed of athletes?.  J Strength Cond Res. 2009;  23 593-603
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 134 Yue Z, Mester J. A model analysis of internal loads, energetics, and effects of wobbling mass during the whole-body vibration.  J Biomech. 2002;  35 639-647
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar

Correspondence

Dr. D. J. Cochrane

Massey University

School of Sport & Exercise

Tennent Drive

4442 Palmerston North

New Zealand

Phone: +64/6/350 5799

Fax: +64/6/350 5661

Email: d.cochrane@massey.ac.nz

      >