Gibt es Unterschiede in den gesundheitsschädlichen Wirkungen von Chrysotil- und Amphibol-Asbest?

 

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Zusammenfassung

Ausgehend von der aktuellen Infragestellung gesundheitsschädlicher Effekte des früher ganz vorrangig eingesetzten Chrysotil (Weiß-)-Asbests erfolgte eine Auswertung der Literatur über In-vitro-, tierexperimentelle und epidemiologische Untersuchungen zur Wirkung der verschiedenen Asbestarten.

Chrysotil verursacht nach epidemiologischen Untersuchungen seltener Pleurafibrosen und Pleuramesotheliome als andere Asbestarten. Ansonsten zeigt Chrysotil keine eindeutigen Abweichungen im inflammatorischen, toxischen, kanzerogenen und Fibrose-induzierenden Potenzial im Vergleich zu anderen arbeitsanamnestisch relevanten Asbestarten. Diese Aussagen stützen sich auf klinische, tierexperimentelle und In-vitro-Befunde. Hieraus ergibt sich, dass die Negierung eines Ursachenzusammenhangs, z. B. bei Vorliegen einer Lungenfibrose (Asbestose) oder einer Erkrankung an Lungenkrebs nach einer Chrysotilbelastung von 25 Faserjahren und gleichzeitig weitgehendem Fehlen von Asbestfasern oder Asbestkörpern im Lungengewebe (s. sog. „Fahrerfluchtphänomen“), dem medizinisch-wissenschaftlichen Kenntnisstand widerspricht.

Abstract

Due to the current query whether the predominantly used chrysotile (white) asbestos comprises health risks we performed a literature search including in vitro and animal experiments as well as epidemiological studies.

As shown by epidemiological studies chrysotile causes less pleural fibrosis and mesotheliomas when compared with other asbestos types. However, its otherwise inflammatory, toxic, carcinogenic, and fibrosis-inducing effects correspond to those of other occupationally relevant asbestos types. This is based on clinical, animal as well as on in-vitro findings. This means that denying a causal relationship, e. g. in a case with lung fibrosis (= asbestosis) or lung cancer with an asbestos load of 25 fiber-years in the absence of identification of a significant concentration of asbestos fibers or asbestos bodies in the lung (see so-called “hit and run” phenomenon), contradicts the medical-scientific knowledge.

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