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Intensivmedizin up2date 2014; 10(03): 261-276
DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1365460
Pädiatrische Intensivmedizin
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Akute Vergiftungen im Kindesalter

Maren Hermanns-Clausen
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Publication Date:
24 July 2014 (online)

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Kernaussagen

  • Unfallbedingte Expositionen von Säuglingen und Kleinkindern führen selten zu schwerwiegenden oder gar letalen Vergiftungen. Einige Arzneimittel sind jedoch hochtoxisch und können bereits nach einer Einzeldosis zu lebensbedrohlichen Vergiftungen führen.

  • Verätzungen im Gastrointestinaltrakt und Lungenschäden als Aspirationsfolge werden durch chemische Produkte in den privaten Haushalten verursacht. Eine zentrale Maßnahme zum Schutz der Kleinkinder ist eine kindersichere Aufbewahrung giftiger Substanzen. Das Umfüllen von chemischen Produkten in Getränkeflaschen führt immer wieder zu Vergiftungen.

  • Alkoholvergiftungen dominieren das Vergiftungsrisiko von Heranwachsenden. Andere psychotrope Drogen sind zweithäufigste Ursache einer Krankenhausbehandlung – unter ihnen auch über das Internet vertriebene Designerdrogen.

  • Der routinemäßige Einsatz von Verfahren der primären Giftentfernung wurde abgelöst von einer individuellen Indikationsstellung. Das gilt auch für die Gabe von Antidota, deren Nebenwirkungsspektrum bei der Indikationsstellung zu berücksichtigen ist.

 

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