Physical Activity Level of Post-menopausal Women with Low Bone Mineral Density

 

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Abstract

Introduction Proper physical activity is related to the prevention and the treatment of osteoporosis.

Purpose To assess the level of physical activity (PA) in post-menopausal women with low bone mineral density (BMD).

Methods This cross-sectional clinical study included 123 post-menopausal women. The inclusion criteria were: age of ≥ 45 years with last menses at least 12 months prior to the initiation of the study, and bone density scan (BDS) values measured over the preceding 12 months. Women with severe osteoarthritis were excluded. Women were allocated into three groups, according to BMD measured by BDS [osteoporosis (OP; 54 women), osteopenia (35 women), and normal bone density (NBD; 35 women)], and compared for general, clinical, and anthropometric data, and for PA level. The latter was assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), in metabolic equivalent of task (MET) units. Participants were classified as sedentary, active or very active. Quantitative variables were compared using ANOVA followed by Tukey's test. Associations between qualitative variables were tested by Chi-square (χ2) or Fisher's exact test. In order to check for differences among groups and IPAQ domains, a generalized linear model with Gamma distribution was adjusted for values in METs.

Results The OP group differed from the NBD group regarding age (61.8 ± 10.1 and 52.9 ± 5.4 years), percentage of participants with self-declared white ethnicity (43.9 and 28.0%), body mass index (BMI – 25.7 ± 5.4 and 30.9 ± 5.1 kg/m²), and time since menopause (15.5 ± 7.5 and 5.8 ± 4.5 years). Smoking rates were higher in the OP (55.6%) and NBD groups (33.3%) than in the osteopenia group (11.1%). Within the OP group, the rate of subjects with sedentary lifestyles was higher (42.6%), and time spent sitting was greater (344.3 ± 204.8 METs) than in the groups with osteopenia (20.0% and 300.9 ± 230.6 METs) and NBD (17.7% and 303.2 ± 187.9 METs).

Conclusions The rate of sedentary lifestyles was higher in post-menopausal women with OP than in those with either osteopenia or NBD. In order to change this physical inactivity profile, strategies should be created to address this group of patients.

Resumo

Introdução Atividade física adequada está relacionada com a prevenção e o tratamento da osteoporose.

Objetivo Avaliar o nível de atividade física em mulheres na pós-menopausa com baixa densidade mineral óssea (DMO).

Métodos Este estudo clínico transversal incluiu 123 mulheres na pós-menopausa. Os critérios de inclusão foram idade ≥ 45 anos, com última menstruação pelo menos 12 meses antes do início do estudo, e DMO medida nos últimos 12 meses. Foram excluídas mulheres com osteoartrite grave. As mulheres foram divididas em três grupos, de acordo com DMO medida por densitometria óssea [osteoporose (OP; 54 mulheres), osteopenia (35 mulheres) e DMO normal (NBD; 35 mulheres)], e comparadas com dados gerais, clínicos e antropométricos, e quanto ao nível de atividade física. Este último foi avaliado pelo International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), em unidades de metabolic equivalent of task (METs). As participantes foram classificadas como sedentárias, ativas ou muito ativas. As variáveis quantitativas foram comparadas por ANOVA seguida pelo teste de Tukey. As associações entre as variáveis qualitativas foram testadas por Qui-quadrado (χ2) ou exato de Fisher. Para verificar diferenças entre os grupos e domínios do IPAQ, um modelo linear generalizado com distribuição Gama foi ajustado para os valores em METs.

Resultados O grupo OP diferiu do NBD quanto à idade (61,8 ± 10,1 e 52,9 ± 5,4 anos), porcentagem de etnia autorrelatada branca (43,9 e 28,0%), índice de massa corporal (25,7 ± 5,4 e 30,9 ± 5,1 kg/m²) e tempo da menopausa (15,5 ± 7,5 e 5,8 ± 4,5 anos). As taxas de tabagismo foram maiores nos grupos com OP (55,6%) e NBD (33,3%) do que no com osteopenia (11,1%). No grupo com OP, sedentarismo (42,6%) e tempo gasto sentado foram maiores (344,3 ± 204.8 METs) do que nos com osteopenia (20,0% e 300,9 ± 230,6 METs) e NBD (17,7% e 303,2 ± 187,9 METs).

Conclusões O sedentarismo foi maior em mulheres na pós-menopausa com osteoporose do que naquelas com osteopenia ou NBD. Estratégias devem ser criadas para alterar este perfil de inatividade física neste grupo de pacientes.

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