Vasculitic Neuropathies

 

 Buy Article Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

Vasculitic neuropathies are disorders that result from inflammation in the peripheral nerves' vascular supply, resulting in ischemic injury. These disorders may be a result of systemic inflammation or may be confined to the peripheral nervous system. Causative etiologies include primary systemic vasculitis, vasculitis secondary to other conditions such as primary connective tissue disorders, infectious, paraneoplastic, and drug-induced conditions, and nonsystemic vasculitic neuropathy. Early recognition and treatment of these conditions is imperative to prevent substantial morbidity and mortality. The goal of this review is to provide an organization of the vasculitic neuropathies and an overview of principles of diagnosis and treatment for the clinical neurologist.

• References

• 1 Said G, Lacroix C. Primary and secondary vasculitic neuropathy. J Neurol 2005; 252 (06) 633-641
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 2 Collins MP, Dyck PJ, Gronseth GS. , et al; Peripheral Nerve Society. Peripheral Nerve Society Guideline on the classification, diagnosis, investigation, and immunosuppressive therapy of non-systemic vasculitic neuropathy: executive summary. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2010; 15 (03) 176-184
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 3 Langford CA. Vasculitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 125 (02) (Suppl. 02) S216-S225
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 4 Jennette JC, Falk RJ, Andrassy K. , et al. Nomenclature of systemic vasculitides. Proposal of an international consensus conference. Arthritis Rheum 1994; 37 2: 187-192
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 5 Jennette JC, Falk RJ, Bacon PA. , et al. 2012 revised International Chapel Hill Consensus Conference Nomenclature of Vasculitides. Arthritis Rheum 2013; 65 1: 1-11
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 6 Naddaf E, Dyck PJB. Vasculitic neuropathies. Curr Treat Options Neurol 2015; 17 (10) 374
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 7 Craven A, Robson J, Ponte C. , et al. ACR/EULAR-endorsed study to develop Diagnostic and Classification Criteria for Vasculitis (DCVAS). Clin Exp Nephrol 2013; 17 (05) 619-621
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 8 Collins MP, Hadden RD. The nonsystemic vasculitic neuropathies. Nat Rev Neurol 2017; 13 (05) 302-316
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 9 Dyck PJ, Benstead TJ, Conn DL, Stevens JC, Windebank AJ, Low PA. Nonsystemic vasculitic neuropathy. Brain 1987; 110 (Pt 4): 843-853
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 10 Hawke SH, Davies L, Pamphlett R, Guo YP, Pollard JD, McLeod JG. Vasculitic neuropathy. A clinical and pathological study. Brain 1991; 114 (Pt 5): 2175-2190
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 11 Burns TM, Schaublin GA, Dyck PJ. Vasculitic neuropathies. Neurol Clin 2007; 25 (01) 89-113
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 12 Bennett DL, Groves M, Blake J. , et al. The use of nerve and muscle biopsy in the diagnosis of vasculitis: a 5 year retrospective study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2008; 79 (12) 1376-1381
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 13 Dyck PJ, Conn DL, Okazaki H. Necrotizing angiopathic neuropathy. Three-dimensional morphology of fiber degeneration related to sites of occluded vessels. Mayo Clin Proc 1972; 47 (07) 461-475
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 14 Gwathmey KG, Burns TM, Collins MP, Dyck PJB. Vasculitic neuropathies. Lancet Neurol 2014; 13 (01) 67-82
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 15 André R, Cottin V, Saraux J-L. , et al; French Vasculitis Study Group (FVSG). Central nervous system involvement in eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Churg-Strauss): Report of 26 patients and review of the literature. Autoimmun Rev 2017; 16 (09) 963-969
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 16 Lee E, Park J, Choi SH, Park S-H. Seronegative granulomatosis with polyangiitis presenting with multiple cranial nerve palsies. Neuropathology 2018; 38 (02) 192-197
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 17 Kim S-H, Park J, Bae JH, Cho M-S, Park KD, Jeong JH. ANCA-negative Wegener's granulomatosis with multiple lower cranial nerve palsies. J Korean Med Sci 2013; 28 (11) 1690-1696
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 18 Pagnoux C, Seror R, Henegar C. , et al; French Vasculitis Study Group. Clinical features and outcomes in 348 patients with polyarteritis nodosa: a systematic retrospective study of patients diagnosed between 1963 and 2005 and entered into the French Vasculitis Study Group Database. Arthritis Rheum 2010; 62 (02) 616-626
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 19 Vrancken AF, Said G. Vasculitic neuropathy. Handb Clin Neurol 2013; 115: 463-483
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 20 Howard T, Ahmad K, Swanson JA, Misra S. Polyarteritis nodosa. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol 2014; 17 (04) 247-251
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 21 Holle JU, Gross WL. Neurological involvement in Wegener's granulomatosis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2011; 23 (01) 7-11
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 22 de Groot K, Schmidt DK, Arlt AC, Gross WL, Reinhold-Keller E. Standardized neurologic evaluations of 128 patients with Wegener granulomatosis. Arch Neurol 2001; 58 (08) 1215-1221
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 23 Gross WL. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody testing in vasculitides. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1995; 21 (04) 987-1011
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 24 Comarmond C, Pagnoux C, Khellaf M. , et al; French Vasculitis Study Group. Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Churg-Strauss): clinical characteristics and long-term followup of the 383 patients enrolled in the French Vasculitis Study Group cohort. Arthritis Rheum 2013; 65 (01) 270-281
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 25 Keogh KA, Specks U. Churg-Strauss syndrome: clinical presentation, antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies, and leukotriene receptor antagonists. Am J Med 2003; 115 (04) 284-290
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 26 Sinico RA, Di Toma L, Maggiore U. , et al. Prevalence and clinical significance of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in Churg-Strauss syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 2005; 52 (09) 2926-2935
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 27 Moosig F, Bremer JP, Hellmich B. , et al. A vasculitis centre based management strategy leads to improved outcome in eosinophilic granulomatosis and polyangiitis (Churg-Strauss, EGPA): monocentric experiences in 150 patients. Ann Rheum Dis 2013; 72 (06) 1011-1017
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 28 Guillevin L, Cohen P, Gayraud M, Lhote F, Jarrousse B, Casassus P. Churg-Strauss syndrome. Clinical study and long-term follow-up of 96 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 1999; 78 (01) 26-37
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 29 Masi AT, Hunder GG, Lie JT. , et al. The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of Churg-Strauss syndrome (allergic granulomatosis and angiitis). Arthritis Rheum 1990; 33 (08) 1094-1100
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 30 Guillevin L, Pagnoux C, Mouthon L. Churg-Strauss syndrome. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 25 (05) 535-545
  Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 31 Uchiyama M, Mitsuhashi Y, Yamazaki M, Tsuboi R. Elderly cases of Churg-Strauss syndrome: case report and review of Japanese cases. J Dermatol 2012; 39 (01) 76-79
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 32 Chung SA, Seo P. Microscopic polyangiitis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2010; 36 (03) 545-558
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 33 Wilke L, Prince-Fiocco M, Fiocco GP. Microscopic polyangiitis: a large single-center series. J Clin Rheumatol 2014; 20 (04) 179-182
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 34 Lauque D, Cadranel J, Lazor R. , et al. Microscopic polyangiitis with alveolar hemorrhage. A study of 29 cases and review of the literature. Groupe d'Etudes et de Recherche sur les Maladies “Orphelines” Pulmonaires (GERM“O”P). Medicine (Baltimore) 2000; 79 (04) 222-233
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 35 Villiger PM, Guillevin L. Microscopic polyangiitis: clinical presentation. Autoimmun Rev 2010; 9 (12) 812-819
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 36 Zhang W, Zhou G, Shi Q, Zhang X, Zeng X-F, Zhang F-C. Clinical analysis of nervous system involvement in ANCA-associated systemic vasculitides. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2009; 27 (01) (Suppl. 52) S65-S69
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 37 Greco A, De Virgilio A, Rizzo MI. , et al. Microscopic polyangiitis: advances in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Autoimmun Rev 2015; 14 (09) 837-844
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 38 Ntatsaki E, Mooney J, Scott DG, Watts RA. Systemic rheumatoid vasculitis in the era of modern immunosuppressive therapy. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2014; 53 (01) 145-152
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 39 Scott DG, Bacon PA, Tribe CR. Systemic rheumatoid vasculitis: a clinical and laboratory study of 50 cases. Medicine (Baltimore) 1981; 60 (04) 288-297
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 40 Makol A, Crowson CS, Wetter DA, Sokumbi O, Matteson EL, Warrington KJ. Vasculitis associated with rheumatoid arthritis: a case-control study. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2014; 53 (05) 890-899
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 41 Puéchal X, Said G, Hilliquin P. , et al. Peripheral neuropathy with necrotizing vasculitis in rheumatoid arthritis. A clinicopathologic and prognostic study of thirty-two patients. Arthritis Rheum 1995; 38 (11) 1618-1629
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 42 Agarwal V, Singh R. , Wiclaf, et al. A clinical, electrophysiological, and pathological study of neuropathy in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol 2008; 27 (07) 841-844
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 43 Hart FD, Golding JR. Rheumatoid neuropathy. BMJ 1960; 1 (5186): 1594-1600
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 44 Good AE, Christopher RP, Koepke GH, Bender LF, Tarter ME. Peripheral neuropathy associated with rheumatoid arthritis. A clinical and electrodiagnostic study of 70 consecutive rheumatoid arthritis patients. Ann Intern Med 1965; 63: 87-99
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 45 Weller RO, Bruckner FE, Chamberlain MA. Rheumatoid neuropathy: a histological and electrophysiological study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1970; 33 (05) 592-604
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 46 Pavlakis PP, Alexopoulos H, Kosmidis ML. , et al. Peripheral neuropathies in Sjögren's syndrome: a critical update on clinical features and pathogenetic mechanisms. J Autoimmun 2012; 39 (1-2): 27-33
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 47 Rosenbaum R. Neuromuscular complications of connective tissue diseases. Muscle Nerve 2001; 24 (02) 154-169
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 48 Mori K, Iijima M, Koike H. , et al. The wide spectrum of clinical manifestations in Sjögren's syndrome-associated neuropathy. Brain 2005; 128 (Pt 11): 2518-2534
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 49 Birnbaum J, Hoke A, Lalji A, Calabresi P, Bhargava P, Casciola-Rosen L. Brief report: anti-calponin-3 autoantibodies: a new specificity in patients with Sjögren's syndrome. Arthritis Rheumatol 2018; 70 (10) 1610-1616
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 50 Lidar M, Lipschitz N, Langevitz P, Shoenfeld Y. The infectious etiology of vasculitis. Autoimmunity 2009; 42 (05) 432-438
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 51 Rodríguez-Pla A, Stone JH. Vasculitis and systemic infections. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2006; 18 (01) 39-47
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 52 Said G, Lacroix C, Chemouilli P. , et al. Cytomegalovirus neuropathy in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: a clinical and pathological study. Ann Neurol 1991; 29 (02) 139-146
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 53 Chrétien F, Gray F, Lescs MC. , et al. Acute varicella-zoster virus ventriculitis and meningo-myelo-radiculitis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Acta Neuropathol 1993; 86 (06) 659-665
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 54 Pagnoux C, Cohen P, Guillevin L. Vasculitides secondary to infections. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2006; Mar-Apr 24 (02) (Suppl. 41) S71-S81
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 55 Lenglet T, Haroche J, Schnuriger A. , et al. Mononeuropathy multiplex associated with acute parvovirus B19 infection: characteristics, treatment and outcome. J Neurol 2011; 258 (07) 1321-1326
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 56 Patel N, Patel N, Khan T, Patel N, Espinoza LR. HIV infection and clinical spectrum of associated vasculitides. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2011; 13 (06) 506-512
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 57 Han S-HB. Extrahepatic manifestations of chronic hepatitis B. Clin Liver Dis 2004; 8 (02) 403-418
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 58 Stone JH. No Title. In: Current Diagnosis and Treatment Rheumatology. New York: McGraw Hill; 2013: 285-290
  Google Scholar
• 59 Guillevin L, Lhote F, Cohen P. , et al. Polyarteritis nodosa related to hepatitis B virus. A prospective study with long-term observation of 41 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 1995; 74 (05) 238-253
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 60 Trepo CG, Zucherman AJ, Bird RC, Prince AM. The role of circulating hepatitis B antigen/antibody immune complexes in the pathogenesis of vascular and hepatic manifestations in polyarteritis nodosa. J Clin Pathol 1974; 27 (11) 863-868
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 61 Ferri C. Mixed cryoglobulinemia. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2008; 3: 25
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 62 Saadoun D, Terrier B, Semoun O. , et al. Hepatitis C virus-associated polyarteritis nodosa. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2011; 63 (03) 427-435
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 63 Dammacco F, Tucci FA, Lauletta G. , et al. Pegylated interferon-alpha, ribavirin, and rituximab combined therapy of hepatitis C virus-related mixed cryoglobulinemia: a long-term study. Blood 2010; 116 (03) 343-353
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 64 Ramos-Casals M, Robles A, Brito-Zerón P. , et al. Life-threatening cryoglobulinemia: clinical and immunological characterization of 29 cases. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2006; 36 (03) 189-196
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 65 Migliaresi S, Di Iorio G, Ammendola A. , et al. [Peripheral nervous system involvement in HCV-related mixed cryoglobulinemia]. Reumatismo 2001; 53 (01) 26-32
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 66 Khella SL, Souayah N. Hepatitis C: a review of its neurologic complications. Neurologist 2002; 8 (02) 101-106
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 67 Brew BJ. The peripheral nerve complications of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Muscle Nerve 2003; 28 (05) 542-552
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 68 Roullet E, Assuerus V, Gozlan J. , et al. Cytomegalovirus multifocal neuropathy in AIDS: analysis of 15 consecutive cases. Neurology 1994; 44 (11) 2174-2182
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 69 Guillevin L, Pagnoux C. Therapeutic strategies for systemic necrotizing vasculitides. Allergol Int 2007; 56 (02) 105-111
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 70 Kannan MA, Challa S, Kandadai RM, Uppin MS, Jabeen SA, Borgohain R. Series of paraneoplastic vasculitic neuropathy: a rare, potentially treatable neuropathy. Neurol India 2015; 63 (01) 30-34
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 71 Antoine JC, Mosnier JF, Absi L, Convers P, Honnorat J, Michel D. Carcinoma associated paraneoplastic peripheral neuropathies in patients with and without anti-onconeural antibodies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1999; 67 (01) 7-14
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 72 Oh SJ. Paraneoplastic vasculitis of the peripheral nervous system. Neurol Clin 1997; 15 (04) 849-863
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 73 Rudnicki SA, Dalmau J. Paraneoplastic syndromes of the peripheral nerves. Curr Opin Neurol 2005; 18 (05) 598-603
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 74 Choi HS, Kim DH, Yang SN, Sung HJ, Choi SJ. A case of paraneoplastic vasculitic neuropathy associated with gastric cancer. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2013; 115 (02) 218-221
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 75 Zivković SA, Ascherman D, Lacomis D. Vasculitic neuropathy--electrodiagnostic findings and association with malignancies. Acta Neurol Scand 2007; 115 (06) 432-436
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 76 Ansari J, Nagabhushan N, Syed R, Bomanji J, Bacon CM, Lee SM. Small cell lung cancer associated with anti-Hu paraneoplastic sensory neuropathy and peripheral nerve microvasculitis: case report and literature review. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2004; 16 (01) 71-76
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 77 Eggers C, Hagel C, Pfeiffer G. Anti-Hu-associated paraneoplastic sensory neuropathy with peripheral nerve demyelination and microvasculitis. J Neurol Sci 1998; 155 (02) 178-181
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 78 Oh SJ, Dropcho EJ, Claussen GC. Anti-Hu-associated paraneoplastic sensory neuropathy responding to early aggressive immunotherapy: report of two cases and review of literature. Muscle Nerve 1997; 20 (12) 1576-1582
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 79 Kang MK, Gupta RK, Srinivasan J. Peripheral vasculitic neuropathy associated with minocycline use. J Clin Neuromuscul Dis 2018; 19 (03) 138-141
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 80 Kermani TA, Ham EK, Camilleri MJ, Warrington KJ. Polyarteritis nodosa-like vasculitis in association with minocycline use: a single-center case series. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2012; 42 (02) 213-221
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 81 Baratta JM, Dyck PJ, Brand P. , et al. Vasculitic neuropathy following exposure to minocycline. Neurol Neuroimmunol neuroinflammation 2016; 3 (01) e180
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 82 Thaisetthawatkul P, Sundell R, Robertson CE, Dyck PJ. Vasculitic neuropathy associated with minocycline use. J Clin Neuromuscul Dis 2011; 12 (04) 231-234
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 83 Kao JC, Liao B, Markovic SN. , et al. Neurological complications associated with anti-programmed death 1 (PD-1) antibodies. JAMA Neurol 2017; 74 (10) 1216-1222
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 84 Aya F, Ruiz-Esquide V, Viladot M. , et al. Vasculitic neuropathy induced by pembrolizumab. Ann Oncol 2017; 28 (02) 433-434
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 85 Neynaber S, Mistry-Burchardi N, Rust C. , et al. PR3-ANCA-positive necrotizing multi-organ vasculitis following cocaine abuse. Acta Derm Venereol 2008; 88 (06) 594-596
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 86 Merkel PA, Koroshetz WJ, Irizarry MC, Cudkowicz ME. Cocaine-associated cerebral vasculitis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1995; 25 (03) 172-183
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 87 Orriols R, Muñoz X, Ferrer J, Huget P, Morell F. Cocaine-induced Churg-Strauss vasculitis. Eur Respir J 1996; 9 (01) 175-177
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 88 Stahelin L, Fialho Sde MS, Neves FS, Junckes L, Werner de Castro GR, Pereira IA. Cocaine-induced midline destruction lesions with positive ANCA test mimicking Wegener's granulomatosis. Rev Bras Reumatol 2012; 52 (03) 431-437
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 89 Friedman DR, Wolfsthal SD. Cocaine-induced pseudovasculitis. Mayo Clin Proc 2005; 80 (05) 671-673
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 90 Kararizou E, Davaki P, Karandreas N, Davou R, Vassilopoulos D. Nonsystemic vasculitic neuropathy: a clinicopathological study of 22 cases. J Rheumatol 2005; 32 (05) 853-858
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 91 Sugiura M, Koike H, Iijima M. , et al. Clinicopathologic features of nonsystemic vasculitic neuropathy and microscopic polyangiitis-associated neuropathy: a comparative study. J Neurol Sci 2006; 241 (1-2): 31-37
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 92 Vital C, Vital A, Canron M-H. , et al. Combined nerve and muscle biopsy in the diagnosis of vasculitic neuropathy. A 16-year retrospective study of 202 cases. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2006; 11 (01) 20-29
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 93 Collins MP, Periquet MI. Isolated vasculitis of the peripheral nervous system. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2008; 26 (03) (Suppl. 49) S118-S130
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 94 Collins MP, Periquet MI. Non-systemic vasculitic neuropathy. Curr Opin Neurol 2004; 17 (05) 587-598
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 95 Üçeyler N, Geng A, Reiners K, Toyka KV, Sommer C. Non-systemic vasculitic neuropathy: single-center follow-up of 60 patients. J Neurol 2015; 262 (09) 2092-2100
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 96 Collins MP, Periquet MI, Mendell JR, Sahenk Z, Nagaraja HN, Kissel JT. Nonsystemic vasculitic neuropathy: insights from a clinical cohort. Neurology 2003; 61 (05) 623-630
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 97 Davies L, Spies JM, Pollard JD, McLeod JG. Vasculitis confined to peripheral nerves. Brain 1996; 119 (Pt 5): 1441-1448
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 98 Terrier B, Lacroix C, Guillevin L. , et al; Club Rhumatismes et Inflammation. Diagnostic and prognostic relevance of neuromuscular biopsy in primary Sjögren's syndrome-related neuropathy. Arthritis Rheum 2007; 57 (08) 1520-1529
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 99 Deprez M, de Groote CC, Gollogly L, Reznik M, Martin JJ. Clinical and neuropathological parameters affecting the diagnostic yield of nerve biopsy. Neuromuscul Disord 2000; 10 (02) 92-98
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 100 Lindenlaub T, Sommer C. Cytokines in sural nerve biopsies from inflammatory and non-inflammatory neuropathies. Acta Neuropathol 2003; 105 (06) 593-602
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 101 Chalk CH, Homburger HA, Dyck PJ. Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in vasculitis peripheral neuropathy. Neurology 1993; 43 (09) 1826-1827
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 102 Vrancken AF, Notermans NC, Jansen GH, Wokke JH, Said G. Progressive idiopathic axonal neuropathy--a comparative clinical and histopathological study with vasculitic neuropathy. J Neurol 2004; 251 (03) 269-278
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 103 Sakai K, Komai K, Yanase D, Yamada M. Plasma VEGF as a marker for the diagnosis and treatment of vasculitic neuropathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005; 76 (02) 296
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 104 Manolov V, Petrova I, Vasilev V. VEGF levels in diagnosis of vasculitic neuropathy. Clin Lab 2014; 60 (09) 1573-1577
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 105 Collins MP, Arnold WD, Kissel JT. The neuropathies of vasculitis. Neurol Clin 2013; 31 (02) 557-595
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 106 Lacomis D, Zivković SA. Approach to vasculitic neuropathies. J Clin Neuromuscul Dis 2007; 9 (01) 265-276
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 107 Collins MP, Periquet-Collins I, Sahenk Z, Kissel JT. Direct immunofluoresence in vasculitic neuropathy: specificity of vascular immune deposits. Muscle Nerve 2010; 42 (01) 62-69
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 108 Bischof A, Manigold T, Barro C. , et al. Serum neurofilament light chain: a biomarker of neuronal injury in vasculitic neuropathy. Ann Rheum Dis 2018; 77 (07) 1093-1094
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 109 McCluskey L, Feinberg D, Cantor C, Bird S. “Pseudo-conduction block” in vasculitic neuropathy. Muscle Nerve 1999; 22 (10) 1361-1366
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 110 Vrancken AF, Gathier CS, Cats EA, Notermans NC, Collins MP. The additional yield of combined nerve/muscle biopsy in vasculitic neuropathy. Eur J Neurol 2011; 18 (01) 49-58
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 111 Agadi JB, Raghav G, Mahadevan A, Shankar SK. Usefulness of superficial peroneal nerve/peroneus brevis muscle biopsy in the diagnosis of vasculitic neuropathy. J Clin Neurosci 2012; 19 (10) 1392-1396
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 112 Claussen GC, Thomas TD, Goyne C, Vázquez LG, Oh SJ. Diagnostic value of nerve and muscle biopsy in suspected vasculitis cases. J Clin Neuromuscul Dis 2000; 1 (03) 117-123
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 113 Rappaport WD, Valente J, Hunter GC. , et al. Clinical utilization and complications of sural nerve biopsy. Am J Surg 1993; 166 (03) 252-256
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 114 Hellmann DB, Laing TJ, Petri M, Whiting-O'Keefe Q, Parry GJ. Mononeuritis multiplex: the yield of evaluations for occult rheumatic diseases. Medicine (Baltimore) 1988; 67 (03) 145-153
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 115 Collins M, Kissel J. Vasculitis of the peripheral nervous system. In: Noseworthy J. , ed. Neurological Therapeutics: Principles and Practice. London: Martin Dunitz; 2003: 2078-2110
  Google Scholar
• 116 Collins MP, Mendell JR, Periquet MI. , et al. Superficial peroneal nerve/peroneus brevis muscle biopsy in vasculitic neuropathy. Neurology 2000; 55 (05) 636-643
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 117 Said G, Lacroix-Ciaudo C, Fujimura H, Blas C, Faux N. The peripheral neuropathy of necrotizing arteritis: a clinicopathological study. Ann Neurol 1988; 23 (05) 461-465
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 118 Collins MP, Kissel JT. Neuropathies with systemic vasculitis. In: Dyck PJ, Thomas PK. , eds. Peripheral Neuropathy. 4th ed. Elsevier Inc.; 2005: 2335-2404
  Google Scholar
• 119 Tracy JA, Engelstad JK, Dyck PJ. Microvasculitis in diabetic lumbosacral radiculoplexus neuropathy. J Clin Neuromuscul Dis 2009; 11 (01) 44-48
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 120 Nukada H, Dyck PJ. Microsphere embolization of nerve capillaries and fiber degeneration. Am J Pathol 1984; 115 (02) 275-287
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 121 Nukada H, Dyck PJ, Karnes JL. Spatial distribution of capillaries in rat nerves: correlation to ischemic damage. Exp Neurol 1985; 87 (02) 369-376
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 122 Benstead TJ, Dyck PJ, Sangalang V. Inner perineurial cell vulnerability in ischemia. Brain Res 1989; 489 (01) 177-181
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 123 Watts RA, Scott DG, Pusey CD, Lockwood CM. Vasculitis-aims of therapy. An overview. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2000; 39 (03) 229-232
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 124 Lapraik C, Watts R, Bacon P. , et al; BSR and BHPR Standards, Guidelines and Audit Working Group. BSR and BHPR guidelines for the management of adults with ANCA associated vasculitis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2007; 46 (10) 1615-1616
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 125 Schaublin GA, Michet Jr CJ, Dyck PJ, Burns TM. An update on the classification and treatment of vasculitic neuropathy. Lancet Neurol 2005; 4 (12) 853-865
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 126 Gorson KC. Therapy for vasculitic neuropathies. Curr Treat Options Neurol 2006; 8 (02) 105-117
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 127 Gold R, Fontana A, Zierz S. Therapy of neurological disorders in systemic vasculitis. Semin Neurol 2003; 23 (02) 207-214
  Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 128 Langford CA. 15. Vasculitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003; 111 (2, Suppl): S602-S612
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 129 Stone JH, Merkel PA, Spiera R. , et al; RAVE-ITN Research Group. Rituximab versus cyclophosphamide for ANCA-associated vasculitis. N Engl J Med 2010; 363 (03) 221-232
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 130 Jones RB, Tervaert JW, Hauser T. , et al; European Vasculitis Study Group. Rituximab versus cyclophosphamide in ANCA-associated renal vasculitis. N Engl J Med 2010; 363 (03) 211-220
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 131 Fanouriakis A, Kougkas N, Vassilopoulos D, Fragouli E, Repa A, Sidiropoulos P. Rituximab for eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis with severe vasculitic neuropathy: case report and review of current clinical evidence. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2015; 45 (01) 60-66
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 132 Pagnoux C, Guillevin L. ; French Vasculitis Study Group; MAINRITSAN Investigators. Rituximab or azathioprine maintenance in ANCA-associated vasculitis. N Engl J Med 2015; 372 (04) 386-387
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 133 Hoffman GS, Kerr GS, Leavitt RY. , et al. Wegener granulomatosis: an analysis of 158 patients. Ann Intern Med 1992; 116 (06) 488-498
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 134 Jayne D, Rasmussen N, Andrassy K. , et al; European Vasculitis Study Group. A randomized trial of maintenance therapy for vasculitis associated with antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies. N Engl J Med 2003; 349 (01) 36-44
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 135 Jayne DR, Chapel H, Adu D. , et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin for ANCA-associated systemic vasculitis with persistent disease activity. QJM 2000; 93 (07) 433-439
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 136 Martinez V, Cohen P, Pagnoux C. , et al; French Vasculitis Study Group. Intravenous immunoglobulins for relapses of systemic vasculitides associated with antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies: results of a multicenter, prospective, open-label study of twenty-two patients. Arthritis Rheum 2008; 58 (01) 308-317
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 137 Levy Y, Uziel Y, Zandman G. , et al. Response of vasculitic peripheral neuropathy to intravenous immunoglobulin. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2005; 1051: 779-786
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 138 Tsurikisawa N, Taniguchi M, Saito H. , et al. Treatment of Churg-Strauss syndrome with high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2004; 92 (01) 80-87
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 139 Schneider C, Wunderlich G, Bleistein J. , et al. Lymphocyte antigens targetable by monoclonal antibodies in non-systemic vasculitic neuropathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2017; 88 (09) 756-760
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 140 Pietrogrande M, De Vita S, Zignego AL. , et al. Recommendations for the management of mixed cryoglobulinemia syndrome in hepatitis C virus-infected patients. Autoimmun Rev 2011; 10 (08) 444-454
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 141 Cacoub P, Terrier B, Saadoun D. Hepatitis C virus-induced vasculitis: therapeutic options. Ann Rheum Dis 2014; 73 (01) 24-30
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 142 Gritsenko D, Hughes G. Ledipasvir/Sofosbuvir (harvoni): improving options for hepatitis C virus infection. P&T 2015; 40 (04) 256-276
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 143 Murai H, Inaba S, Kira J, Yamamoto A, Ohno M, Goto I. Hepatitis C virus associated cryoglobulinemic neuropathy successfully treated with plasma exchange. Artif Organs 1995; 19 (04) 334-338
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 144 Scarpato S, Tirri E, Naclerio C, Moscato P, Salvati G. Plasmapheresis in cryoglobulinemic neuropathy: a clinical study. Dig Liver Dis 2007; 39 (Suppl. 01) S136-S137
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 145 Braun A, Neumann T, Oelzner P. , et al. Cryoglobulinaemia type III with severe neuropathy and immune complex glomerulonephritis: remission after plasmapheresis and rituximab. Rheumatol Int 2008; 28 (05) 503-506
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 146 Ramos-Casals M, Stone JH, Cid MC, Bosch X. The cryoglobulinaemias. Lancet 2012; 379 (9813): 348-360
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 147 Montero N, Favà A, Rodriguez E. , et al. Treatment for hepatitis C virus-associated mixed cryoglobulinaemia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; 5: CD011403
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 148 Soares CN. Refractory mononeuritis multiplex due to hepatitis C infection and cryoglobulinemia: efficient response to rituximab. Neurologist 2016; 21 (03) 47-48
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 149 Guillevin L. Infections in vasculitis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2013; 27 (01) 19-31
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 150 Teng GG, Chatham WW. Vasculitis related to viral and other microbial agents. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2015; 29 (02) 226-243
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 151 Rutgers A, Heeringa P, Damoiseaux JG, Tervaert JW. ANCA and anti-GBM antibodies in diagnosis and follow-up of vasculitic disease. Eur J Intern Med 2003; 14 (05) 287-295
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 152 Lurati-Ruiz F, Spertini F. Predictive value of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in small-vessel vasculitis. J Rheumatol 2005; 32 (11) 2167-2172
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 153 Attal N, Cruccu G, Haanpää M. , et al; EFNS Task Force. EFNS guidelines on pharmacological treatment of neuropathic pain. Eur J Neurol 2006; 13 (11) 1153-1169
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 154 Murnion BP. Neuropathic pain: current definition and review of drug treatment. Aust Prescr 2018; 41 (03) 60-63
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 155 Saarto T, Wiffen PJ. Antidepressants for neuropathic pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005; (03) CD005454
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 156 Finnerup NB, Sindrup SH, Jensen TS. The evidence for pharmacological treatment of neuropathic pain. Pain 2010; 150 (03) 573-581
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 157 Sindrup SH, Otto M, Finnerup NB, Jensen TS. Antidepressants in the treatment of neuropathic pain. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2005; 96 (06) 399-409
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 158 Rowbotham MC, Goli V, Kunz NR, Lei D. Venlafaxine extended release in the treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Pain 2004; 110 (03) 697-706
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 159 Attal N, Cruccu G, Baron R. , et al; European Federation of Neurological Societies. EFNS guidelines on the pharmacological treatment of neuropathic pain: 2010 revision. Eur J Neurol 2010; 17 (09) 1113-e88
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 160 Bril V, England J, Franklin GM. , et al; American Academy of Neurology; American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine; American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. Evidence-based guideline: treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy: report of the American Academy of Neurology, the American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine, and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. Neurology 2011; 76 (20) 1758-1765
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar