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Horm Metab Res 2016; 48(04): 213-225
DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-103243
Review
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Adipose Tissue Dysfunction: Clinical Relevance and Diagnostic Possibilities

I. M. Schrover
1   Department of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
,
W. Spiering
1   Department of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
,
T. Leiner
2   Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
,
F. L. J. Visseren
1   Department of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

received 01 August 2015

accepted 11 February 2016

Publication Date:
11 April 2016 (online)

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Abstract

Adipose tissue dysfunction is defined as an imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory adipokines, causing insulin resistance, systemic low-grade inflammation, hypercoagulability, and elevated blood pressure. These can lead to cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus type 2. Although quantity of adipose tissue is an important determinant of adipose tissue dysfunction, it can be diagnosed in both obese and lean individuals. This implies that not only quantity of adipose tissue should be used as a measure for adipose tissue dysfunction. Instead, focus should be on measuring quality of adipose tissue, which can be done with diagnostic modalities ranging from anthropometric measurements to tissue biopsies and advanced imaging techniques. In daily clinical practice, high quantity of visceral adipose tissue (reflected in high waist circumference or adipose tissue imaging), insulin resistance, or presence of the metabolic syndrome are easy and low-cost diagnostic modalities to evaluate presence or absence of adipose tissue dysfunction.

Key words

adipose tissue - dysfunction - diagnosis - metabolic syndrome
 

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