Das Adult Attachment Projective (AAP) - Gütekriterien und neue Forschungsergebnisse

 

 Buy Article Permissions and Reprints

Zusammenfassung

George, West u. Pettem [22] entwickelten eine neue Methode, das Adult Attachment Projective (AAP), zur Erfassung der Bindungsrepräsentation bei Erwachsenen, bestehend aus einem Set von acht Bildern, einem neutralen und sieben bindungsrelevanten, zu denen jeweils standardisiert Geschichten erzählt werden. Mit diesem Instrument setzen die Autoren die Tradition der bindungstheoretischen Diskursanalyse anhand von Narrativen fort und verbinden sie gleichzeitig mit den etablierten projektiven Bindungsmethoden für Kinder. In diesem Beitrag werden kurz die Auswertungskriterien und Bindungsklassifikationen des AAP charakterisiert. Neben den zufrieden stellenden Ergebnissen zur Reliabilität und konvergenten Validität liefern die neuesten Studien zu entwicklungsbezogenen Korrelaten von Bindung im Vorschulalter und zur Bindungsrepräsentation von Pflegemüttern und deren Pflegeverhalten erste Nachweise für eine prädiktive Validität des AAP. In einer Studie mit dysthymen Patientinnen erweist sich das AAP als valide einsetzbar und ermutigt zur breiteren klinischen Anwendung. Die modifizierte Anwendung des AAP im neurowissenschaftlichen Kontext mit der fMRT eröffnet neue Möglichkeiten für die Untersuchung neuronaler Korrelate von Bindungsmustern bei Borderlinepatientinnen und Gesunden sowie anderen klinischen Gruppen.

Abstract

George, West and Pettem [22] developed a new measure, the Adult Attachment Projective (AAP) to assess attachment representation in adults. The AAP is comprised of a set of eight drawings, one neutral scene and seven scenes of attachment situations. Although the pictures were drawn as projective stimuli, the method of administration combines projective and interview techniques in the form of a semi-structured interview. In this paper the coding procedure and attachment classifications of the AAP will shortly be described. The current results on reliability and convergent validity are reported. Developmental studies examining correlates of attachment during the preschool-age years, as well as adult attachment classification and foster mothers' perceptions of their relationship with their at risk foster children give first evidence for the predicitve validity of the AAP. The results of a recent study with dysthymic women using the AAP add to the increasing number of studies that have identified an association between preoccupied attachment and depression. This study encourages the use of the AAP in a broader clinical context. The modified application of the AAP using functional MRI opens a new approach to assess neural correlates of attachment representation in patients with a Borderline Personality Disorder compared to controls, and other clinical groups.

Literatur

• 1 Bowlby J. Attachment and Loss, Vol 1. Attachment. New York; Basic Books 1969
  Google Scholar
• 2 Bowlby J. Attachment and Loss. Vol. 2: Separation. Anxiety and Anger. New York; Basic Books 1973
  Google Scholar
• 3 Bowlby J. Attachment and Loss. Vol. 3: Loss, sadness and depression. London; Hogarth Press 1980
  Google Scholar
• 4 Main M, Kaplan N, Cassidy J. Security in infancy, childhood, and adulthood: A move to the level of representation. Growing Points of attachment theory and research. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 1985
  Google Scholar
• 5 Bretherton I. Internal working model in attachment relationships: A construct revisited. In: Cassidy J, Shaver P (eds) Handbook of Attachment. New York; Guilford 1999: 89-111
  Google Scholar
• 6 Tulving E. Episodic and semantic memory. In: Tulving E, Donaldson W (eds) Organization of memory. New York; Academic Press 1972: 55-78
  Google Scholar
• 7 Ainsworth M DS. Pattern of attachment behavior shown by the infant in interaction with his mother.  Merrill-Palmer Quarterly. 1964;  10 51-58
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 8 Klagsbrun M, Bowlby J. Responses to separation from parents: A clinical test for young children.  British Journal of Projective Psychology. 1976;  21 7-21
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 9 Bretherton I, Ridgeway D, Cassidy J. Assessing internal working models of the attachment relationship: An attachment story completion task for 3-year olds. In: Greenbergh MT, Cicchetti D, Cummings EM (eds) Attachment in the preschool years. Chicago; University of Chicago Press 1990: 273-308
  Google Scholar
• 10 Solomon J, George C. The measurement of attachment security in infancy and childhood. In: Cassidy J, Shaver P (eds) Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Application. New York; Guilford Press 1999: 287-316
  Google Scholar
• 11 Goldwyn R, Stanley C, Smith V, Green J. The Manchester Child Attachment Story Task: Relationship with parental AAI, SAT and child behavior.  Attachment and Human Development. 2000;  2 48-70
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 12 Green J, Stanley C, Smith V, Goldwyn R. A new method of evaluating attachment representations in young school-age children: The Manchester Child Attachment Story Task.  Attachment and Human Development. 2000;  2 42-64
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 13 Gloger-Tippelt G, Gomille B, König L, Vetter J. Attachment representations in 6-year olds: Related longitudinally to the quality of attachment in infancy and mother's attachment representations.  Attachment and Human Development. 2000;  4 318-338
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 14 Solomon J, George C, Jong A De. Children classified as controlling at age six: Evidence of disorganized representational strategies and aggression at home and school.  Development and Psychopathology. 1995;  7 447-464
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 15 George C, Kaplan N, Main M. The Adult Attachment Interview. Unpublished Manuscript. Berkely; University of California 1984/1985/1996
  Google Scholar
• 16 Fonagy P, Steele H, Steele M. Maternal representations of attachment during pregnancy predict the organization of infant-mother attachment at one year of age.  Child Development. 1991;  62 891-905
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 17 Benoit D, Parker K H. Stability and transmisson of attachment across three generations.  Child Dev. 1994;  65 1444-1456
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 18 Fox N A. Of the way we were: Adult memories about attachment experiences and their role in determining infant-parent relationships: A commentary on van IJzendoorn.  Psychological Bulletin. 1995;  117 404-410
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 19 IJzendoorn M van. Adult attachment representations, parental responsiveness, and infant attachment: A meta-analysis on the predictive validity of the Adult Attachment Interview.  Psychological Bulletin. 1995;  117 387-403
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 20 Dozier M, Chase Stovall K, Albus K E. Attachment and psychopathology in adulthood. In: Cassidy J, Shaver P (eds) Handbook of Attachment. New York; Guilford Press 1999: 497-519
  Google Scholar
• 21 Buchheim A, Strauss B, Kächele H. Die differenzielle Relevanz der Bindungsklassifikationen für psychische Störungen. Zum Stand der Forschung bei Angststörungen, Depression und Borderline-Persönlichkeitsstörung.  Psychother Psych Med. 2002;  52 128-133
  Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 22 George C, West M, Pettem O. The Adult Attachment Projective: Disorganization of Adult Attachment at the level of representation. In: Solomon J, George C (eds) Attachment disorganization. New York; Guilford 1999: 462-507
  Google Scholar
• 23 George C, West M. Developmental versus social personality models of adult attachment and mental ill health.  British Journal of Medical Psychology. 1999;  72 285-303
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 24 Gloger-Tippelt G. Bindung im Erwachsenenalter. Bern; Huber 2001
  Google Scholar
• 25 Buchheim A, Strauss B. Interviewmethoden der klinischen Bindungsforschung. In: Strauss B, Buchheim A, Kächele H (Hrsg) Klinische Bindungsforschung: Methoden und Konzepte. Stuttgart; Schattauer 2002: 27-53
  Google Scholar
• 26 Grice H P. Logic and Conversation. In: Cole P, Moran JL (eds) Syntax and Semantics. New York; Academic Press 1975: 41-58
  Google Scholar
• 27 Solomon J, George C. The place of disorganization in attachment theory: Linking classic observations with contemporary findings. In: Solomon JC, George G (eds) Attachment disorganization. New York; Guilford Press 1999: 3-32
  Google Scholar
• 28 Béliveau M, Cyr C, Moss E. Introduction to a projective measure of attachment. Paper presented at the Attachment Conference,. Quebec City, Canada; May 2002
  Google Scholar
• 29 Cyr C, Béliveau M, Moss E. Maternal attachment representations: Links with child attachment and externalizing behavior problems. Paper presented at the meeting of The Society for Personality Assessment. San Francisco, USA; March 2003
  Google Scholar
• 30 Cassidy J, Marvin R S. Attachment organization in preschool children: Coding guidelines. Unpublished coding manual. Seattle; MacArthur Working Group on Attachment 1987/1990/1991/1992
  Google Scholar
• 31 Ainsworth M, Blehar M C, Waters E, Wall S. Patterns of attachment: Assessed in the strange situation and at home. Hillsdale NJ; Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 1978
  Google Scholar
• 32 George C, Solomon J. Attachment and caregiving: The caregiving behavioral system. In: Cassidy J, Shaver P (eds) Handbook of Attachment. New York; Guilford Press 1999: 649-670
  Google Scholar
• 33 Woolff M S de, IJzendoorn M H van. Sensitivity and attachment: A meta-analysis on parental antecedents of infant attachment.  Child Development. 1997;  68 571-591
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 34 Odipo C O. Adult Attachment Classification and foster mother's perceptions of their relationship with their at risk foster children. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Stockton, CA; University of the Pacific 2002
  Google Scholar
• 35 Pianta R C, O'Connor T G, Morog M C, Button S, Dimmock J, Marrin R S. Scoring guide for the PDI, unpublished manuscript. Charlottesville, NC; University of Virginia 1993/1995
  Google Scholar
• 36 Carnelley K B, Pietromonaco P R, Jaffee K. Depression, working models of others, and relationship functioning.  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1994;  66 127-140
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 37 Cole-Detke H, Kobak R. Attachment processes in eating disorders and depression.  Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1996;  64 282-290
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 38 Fonagy P, Leigh T, Steele M, Steele H, Kennedy R, Mattoon G, Target M, Gerber A. The relationship of attachment status, psychiatric classification, and response to psychotherapy.  Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1996;  4 22-31
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 39 Hammen C L, Burge D, Daley S E, Davila J, Paley B, Rudolph K D. Interpersonal attachment cognitions and prediction of symptomatic responses to interpersonal stress.  Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1995;  104 436-443
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 40 Murphy B, Bates G W. Adult attachment style and vulnerability to depression.  Personality and Individual Differences. 1997;  22 835-844
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 41 Patrick M, Hobson R P, Castle D, Howard R, Maughan B. Personality disorder and the mental representation of early social experience.  Development and Psychopathology. 1994;  6 375-388
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 42 Tyrrell C, Dozier M. The role of attachment in therapeutic process and outcome for adults with serous psychiatric disorders. Washington, DC; Paper presented at the biennial meeting of Society for Research in Child Development 1997
  Google Scholar
• 43 Rosenstein D S, Horowitz H A. Adolescent attachment and psychopathology.  Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1996;  64 244-253
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 44 Arieti S, Bemporad J. The psychological organization of depression.  American J Psychiat. 1980;  136 1365-1369
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 45 Beck A T. Cognitive therapy of depression: New perspectives. In: Clayton P, Barrett J (eds) Treatment of depression: Old controverses and new approaches. New York; Raven Press 1983
  Google Scholar
• 46 Blatt S J, Quinlan D M, Chevron E S, McDonald C, Zuroff D. Dependency and self-criticism: Psychological dimensions of depression.  J Consult and Clinic Psychol. 1982;  50 113-124
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 47 Emery G, Lesher E. Treatment of depression in older adults: Personality considerations.  Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice. 1982;  19 500-505
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 48 Pilkonis P A. Personality Prototypes among depressives: Themes of dependency and autonomy.  J Personality Dis. 1988;  2 144-152
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 49 West M, George C. Attachment and dysthymia: The contributions of preoccupied attachment and agency of self to depression in women.  Attachment and Human Development. 2002;  4 278-293
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 50 Kircher T, Liddle P F, Brammer M J, Williams S C, Murray R M, McGuire P K. Neural correlates of Formal Thought Disorder in Schizophrenia.  Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001;  58 769-774
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 51 Buchheim A, Erk S, Walter H. Neuronale Korrelate von Bindungsmustern im fMRT.  Psychother Psych Med. 2002;  52 82
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 52 Walter H, Erk S, Ruchsow M, Kircher T, Kächele H, Martius P, Spitzer M, Buchheim A. Bindungstheorie und Borderline-Persönlichkeitsstörung: Neue Forschungsansätze der klinischen kognitiven Neurowissenschaft.  Nervenarzt. 2002;  1 (Suppl) 182
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 53 Buchheim A, George C, Walter H. Neural correlates of attachment representation in Borderline patients. San Fransisco; Paper, Society for Personality Assessment Midwinter Meeting, March 19 - 23 2003
  Google Scholar
• 54 Buchheim A, Brisch K H, Kächele H. Einführung in die Bindungstheorie und ihre Bedeutung für die Psychotherapie.  Psychother Psych Med. 1998;  48 128-133
  PubMedGoogle Scholar

1 Die erste genaue Darstellung der Methode mit Transkriptbeispielen findet sich im Original bei [22] [23] und in deutscher Übersetzung bei [24]; eine Zusammenfassung der Auswertekriterien des AAP ist bei [25] (S. 38 - 39) nachzulesen. In dem vorliegenden Beitrag sollen neueste Angaben zur Reliabilität, Validität und Anwendung des AAP im klinischen Kontext vorgestellt werden.

2 Hier wurden die Kriterien von Grice [26] herangezogen und erweitert.

3 Die Studienteilnehmer beiden Geschlechts setzen sich sowohl aus gesunden Probanden (Studenten, Probanden rekrutiert über Zeitungsannoncen, Internet) und Patientinnen (Mütter von Kindern mit Gedeihstörungen, dysthyme Frauen) zusammen.

Dipl.-Psych. Dr. Anna Buchheim

Abteilung Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie Universität Ulm

Am Hochsträß 8

89081 Ulm

Email: buchheim@sip.medizin.uni-ulm.de