Nitric Oxide-induced S-Glutathionylation and Inactivation of Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase*

S-Nitrosylation of protein thiol groups by nitric oxide (NO) is a widely recognized protein modification. In this study we show that nitrosonium tetrafluoroborate (BF₄NO), a NO⁺ donor, modified the thiol groups of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) byS-nitrosylation and caused enzyme inhibition. The resultant protein-S-nitrosothiol was found to be unstable and to decompose spontaneously, thereby restoring enzyme activity. In contrast, the NO-releasing compound S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) promoted S-glutathionylation of a thiol group of GAPDH both in vitro and under cellular conditions. The GSH-mixed protein disulfide formed led to a permanent enzyme inhibition, but upon dithiothreitol addition a functional active GAPDH was recovered. This S-glutathionylation is specific for GSNO because GSH itself was unable to produce protein-mixed disulfides. During cellular nitrosative stress, the production of intracellular GSNO might channel signaling responses to form protein-mixed disulfide that can regulate intracellular function.