Recent Molecular Advances in Mammalian Glutamine Transport

Much has been learned about plasma membrane glutamine transporter activities in health and disease over the past 30 years, including their potential regulatory role in metabolism. Since the 1960s, discrimination among individual glutamine transporters was based on functional characteristics such as substrate specificity, ion dependence, and kinetic and regulatory properties. Within the past two years, several genes encoding for proteins with these defined activities (termed “systems”) have been isolated from human and rodent cDNA libraries and found to be distributed among four distinct gene families. The Na⁺-dependent glutamine transporter genes isolated thus far are System N (SN1), System A (ATA1, ATA2), System ASC/B⁰ (ASCT2 or ATB⁰), System B^0,+ (ATB^0,+) and System y⁺L (y⁺LAT1, y⁺LAT2). Na⁺-independent glutamine transporter genes encoding for System L (LAT1, LAT2) and System b^0,+ (b^0,+AT) have also been recently isolated, and similar to y⁺L, have been shown to function as disulfide-linked heterodimers with the 4F2 heavy chain (CD98) or rBAT (related to b^0,+amino acid transporter). In this review, the molecular features, catalytic mechanisms and tissue distributions of each are addressed. Although most of these transporters mediate the transmembrane movement of several other amino acids, their potential roles in regulating interorgan glutamine flux are discussed. Most importantly, these newly isolated transporter genes provide the long awaited tools necessary to study their molecular regulation during the catabolic states in which glutamine is considered to be “conditionally essential.”