Case ReportsA Large Arteriovenous Fistula between the Femoral Artery and the Femoral Vein after Cardiac Catheterization Manifesting as High-Output Cardiac Failure
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Discussion
High-output cardiac failure is a known form of heart failure. It can be seen in patients with hyperthyroidism, anemia, pregnancy, arteriovenous fistula, beriberi, and Paget disease.1 In patients with high-output cardiac failure, cardiac output may be in the upper limits of normal, or higher.
An integral physiologic component of systolic heart failure is the delivery of an inadequate quantity of oxygen required by the metabolizing tissues. In the absence of peripheral shunting of blood, this is
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