Original Article
Familial Relationship between Gilles de la Tourette's Syndrome, Attention Deficit Disorder, Learning Disabilities, Speech Disorders, and Stuttering

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ABSTRACT

Objective

This study examined the familial relationship between Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome (GTS) and attention deficit disorder (ADD), learning problems, speech disorders, and stuttering.

Method

This family study consisted of 338 first degree relatives of 85 GTS probands and 113 controls. All available relatives were personally assessed using structured interviews, and family history information was collected from all family members. Best-estimate diagnoses were assigned for GTS, ADD, learning problems, speech disorders, and stuttering. Analyses examined whether ADD, learning problems, speech disorders, and stuttering by themselves represent genetically variant expressions of GTS.

Results

There was no evidence that ADD, learning problems, speech disorders, or stuttering represent variant expressions of GTS. However, relatives with GTS were at increased risk for ADD regardless of the ADD diagnosis of the GTS proband.

Conclusions

ADD, learning problems, stuttering, and speech problems by themselves are not variant forms of GTS. However, GTS and ADD may be etiologically related in some persons. There may be two types of individuals with GTS and ADD: ones in whom ADD is independent of GTS, and others in whom ADD is secondary to occurrence of GTS. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 1993, 32, 5:1044–1050.

Key Words

Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome
attention deficit disorder
learning disabilities
stuttering
speech disorders

Cited by (0)

This research was supported in part by aResearch Scientist Development Award to Dr. Pauls (MH-00508) and grants from theNational Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS-16648), the National Institute of Mental Health (MH-24393), the National Institutes of Health (RR-00125), the National Tourette Syndrome Association, the John Merck Fund (Dr. Leckman), and the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation.

We express our sincere appreciation to the members of the Connecticut Chapter of the Tourette Syndrome Association and their families for their continued support and cooperation.