Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-x24gv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-02T20:42:56.627Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Causes and Consequences of Sports Concussion

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2021

Jonathan C. Edwards  and
Jeffrey D. Bodle
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

The Consensus Statement of the Third International Congress on Concussion in Sport in November 2008 defined concussion as a “complex pathophysiologic process affecting the brain, induced by traumatic biochemical forces.” Definitions of concussion vary slightly between various professional organizations of neurosurgeons, neurologists, and orthopedic surgeons, but all share the common characteristics of trauma affecting the head or body resulting in transient neurologic deficits or symptoms. Underlying the symptoms of concussion is a complex pathophysiologic process at the cellular level. While concussion is typically thought of as resulting from a direct impact to the head, a concussion can also be sustained as a result of an impact to the body causing the force of the impact to be transmitted to and absorbed by the brain.

Type
Symposium
Information
Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics , Volume 42 , Issue 2 , Summer 2014 , pp. 128 - 132
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of Law, Medicine and Ethics 2014

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

McCrory, P. et al., “Consensus Statement on Concussion in Sport: The 3rd International Conference on Concussion in Sport Held in Zurich, November 2008,” Journal of Athletic Training 44, no. 4 (2009): 434–448.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Injury Prevention and Control: Traumatic Brain Injury – Statistics,” available at <http://www.cdc.gov/TraumaticBrainInjury/statistics.html>(last visited March 18, 2014).(last+visited+March+18,+2014).>Google Scholar
Gilchrist, J. Thomas, K. E. Xu, L. McGuire, L. C. Coronado, V. G., “Nonfatal Sports and Recreation Related Traumatic Brain Injuries among Children and Adolescents Treated in Emergency Departments in the United States, 2001–2009,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 60, no. 39 (2011): 1337–1342.Google Scholar
Delaney, J. S. Lacroix, V. J. Leclerc, S. Johnston, K. M., “Concussions during the 1997 Canadian Football League Season,” Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine 10, no. 1 (2000): 9–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCrea, M. Hammeke, T. Olsen, G. Leo, P. Guskiewicz, K., “Unreported Concussion in Highschool Football Players: Implications for Prevention,” Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine 14 (2004): 13–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
See Gilchrist, et al., supra note 3.Google Scholar
Gessel, L. M. Fields, S. K. Collins, C. L. Dick, R. W. Comstock, R. D., “Concussions among United States High School and Collegiate Athletes,” Journal of Athletic Training 42, no. 4 (2007): 495–503.Google Scholar
Guskiewicz, K. M. McCrea, M. Marshall, S. W. et al., “Cumulative Effects Associated with Recurrent Concussion in Collegiate Football Players: The NCAA Concussion Study,” JAMA 290, no. 19 (2003): 2549–2555.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ommaya, A. K. Hirsh, A. E., “Tolerances for Cerebral Concussion from Head Impact and Whiplash in Primates,” Journal of Biomechanics 4, no. 1 (1971): 13–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pellman, E. J. Viano, D. C. Tucker, A. M. Casson, I. R. Waeckerle, J. F., “Concussion in Professional Football: Reconstruction of Game Impacts and Injuries,” Neurosurgery 53, no. 4 (2003): 799–814.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giza, C. C. Hovda, D. A., “The Neurometabolic Cascade of Concussion,” Journal of Athletic Training 36, no. 3 (2001): 228–235.Google Scholar
Slobounov, S. Slobounov, E. Sebastianelli, W. Cao, C. Newell, K., “Differential Rate of Recovery in Athletes after First and Second Concussion Episodes,” Neurosurgery 61, no. 2 (2007): 338–344.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
See Guskiewicz, et al., supra note 8.Google Scholar
Field, M. Collins, M. W. Lovell, M. R. Maroon, J., “Does Age Play a Role in Recovery from Sports-Related Concussion? A Comparison of High School and Collegiate Athletes,” Journal of Pediatrics 142, no. 5 (2003): 546–553.Google Scholar
Martland, H. S., “Punch Drunk,” JAMA 91, no. 15 (1928): 1103–1107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stern, R. A. Riley, D. O. Daneshvar, D. H. Nowinski, C. J. Cantu, R. C. McKee, A. C., “Long-Term Consequences of Repetitive Brain Trauma: Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy,” PM&R 3, no. 10, Supp. 2 (2011): S460–S467.Google Scholar
McKee, A. C. Cantu, C. Nowinski, C. J. et al., “Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Athletes: Progressive Tauopathy after Repetitive Head Injury,” Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology 68, no. 7 (2009): 709–735.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Omalu, B. Bailes, R. L. Hamilton, L. R. et al., “Emerging Histomorphologic Phenotypes of Chronic Trumatic Enephalopathy in American Athletes,” Neurosurgery 69, no. 1 (2011): 173–183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gavett, B. E. Stern, R. A. McKee, A. C., “Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy: A Potential Late Effect of Sport-Related Concussive and Subconcussive Head Trauma,” Clinics in Sports Medicine 30, no. 1 (2011): 179–188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
See McCory, et al., supra note 1.Google Scholar
See Gessel, et al., supra note 7.Google Scholar
Cantu, R. C. Mueller, F. O., “Brain Injury-Related Fatalities in American Football, 1945–1999,” Neurosurgery 52, no. 4 (2003): 846–852.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bartsch, A. Benzel, E. Miele, V. Prakash, V., “Impact Test Comparisons of 20th and 21st Century American Football Helmets,” Journal of Neurosurgery 116, no. 1 (2012): 222–233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar