Artículo de revisión
Flúter auricular: perspectiva clínica actualAtrial Flutter: an Update

https://doi.org/10.1157/13091886Get rights and content

Los estudios electrofisiológicos invasivos han cambiado la perspectiva clínica de los pacientes con flúter auricular. El conocimiento de la estructura del circuito de flúter típico ha permitido desarrollar técnicas de ablación con catéter que eliminan las recidivas en > 90% de los casos. También ha cambiado el concepto global de las taquicardias auriculares, lo que ha hecho obsoletas las clasificaciones basadas en el electrocardiograma. Se han demostrado circuitos reentrantes atípicos basados en cicatrices quirúrgicas o en zonas fibróticas en ambas aurículas, que son también asequibles a tratamiento por ablación y que en el electrocardiograma son indistinguibles de una taquicardia focal. La ablación amplia de la aurícula izquierda para el tratamiento de la fibrilación auricular está dando lugar a un nuevo tipo de taquicardias reentrantes que puede ser problemático en el futuro. Las técnicas de mapeo y encarrilamiento de los circuitos descritas inicialmente en el flúter permiten definir estos circuitos. El mapeo electroanatómico, que construye moldes anatómicos virtuales de las aurículas, es de gran ayuda en estos casos. A pesar del éxito de la ablación, el pronóstico a largo plazo se ensombrece con frecuencia por la aparición de fibrilación auricular, lo que indica que hay un sustrato arritmogénico común al flúter y la fibrilación, que la ablación del istmo cavotricuspídeo no cambia. En contraste con la clara definición electrofisiológica, hay escasa información sobre el curso clínico del flúter, ya que tradicionalmente la bibliografía se refiere a grupos de «flúter y fibrilación auricular» y las complejas relaciones entre ambas arritmias quedan aún por revelar claramente. La prevención primaria y la prevención de la aparición de fibrilación auricular tras la ablación son retos pendientes.

Invasive electrophysiologic studies have changed the clinical outlook for patients with atrial flutter. Recognition of the reentrant circuit responsible for typical atrial flutter has led to the development of catheter ablation techniques that can prevent recurrence in >90% of cases. In addition, general understanding of atrial tachycardias has changed radically, such that ECG-based classifications are now obsolete. Atypical reentrant circuits associated with surgical scars or fibrotic areas in either atrium, which are indistinguishable from focal tachycardias on ECG, have been identified. These circuits also seem amenable to treatment by ablation. Recently, a new type of reentrant tachycardia that could be problematic in the future has emerged in patients who have undergone extensive left atrial ablation for the treatment of atrial fibrillation. These atypical circuits can be characterized using the mapping and entrainment techniques initially developed for typical flutter. In these cases, electroanatomical mapping, involving the construction of a virtual anatomical model of the atria, is extremely helpful. Despite the success of ablation, long-term prognosis is frequently overshadowed by the appearance of atrial fibrillation, which suggests that flutter and fibrillation share a common arrhythmogenic origin that is not modified by cavotricuspid isthmus ablation. In contrast with our clear electrophysiologic understanding of atrial flutter, little is known about the natural history of the condition because the literature has traditionally grouped patients with flutter and fibrillation together. Consequently, the complex relationship between the two arrhythmias has still to be clearly delineated. Primary prevention and preventing the development of atrial fibrillation after ablation remain outstanding clinical challenges.

Bibliografía (103)

  • M.J. Suttorp et al.

    The value of class ic antiarrhythmic drugs for acute conversion of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation or flutter to sinus rhythm

    J Am Coll Cardiol

    (1990)
  • A. Natale et al.

    Prospective randomized comparison of antiarrhythmc therapy versus first-line radiofrequency ablation in patients with atrial flutter

    J Am Coll Cardiol

    (2000)
  • F.G. Cosío et al.

    Radiofrequency ablation of the inferior vena cava-tricuspid valve isthmus in common atrial flutter

    Am J Cardiol

    (1993)
  • D.C. Shah et al.

    Tracking dynamic conduction recovery across he cavotricuspid isthmus

    J Am Coll Cardiol

    (2000)
  • P. Jaïs et al.

    Effectiveness of irrigated tip catheter ablation of common atrial flutter

    Am J Cardiol

    (2001)
  • G. Feld et al.

    Radiofrequency catheter ablation of type 1 atrial flutter using large-tip 8- or 10- mm electrode catheters and a high-output radiofrequency energy generator: results of a multicenter safety and efficacy study

    J Am Coll Cardiol

    (2004)
  • F. Anselme et al.

    Randomized comparison of two targets in typical atrial flutter ablation

    Am J Cardiol

    (2000)
  • K.A. Wood et al.

    Risk of thromboembolism in chronic atrial flutter

    Am J Cardiol

    (1997)
  • K. Seidl et al.

    Risk of thromboembolic events in patients with atrial flutter

    Am J Cardiol

    (1998)
  • J.K. Triedman et al.

    Influence of patient factors and ablative technologies on outcomes of radiofrequency ablation of intraatrial re-entrant tachycardia in patients with congenital heart disease

    J Am Coll Cardiol

    (2002)
  • C.T. Tai et al.

    Noncontact three-dimensional mapping and ablation of upper loop re-entry originating in the right atrium

    J Am Coll Cardiol

    (2002)
  • I.H. Stevenson et al.

    Scar-related right atrial macroreentrant tachycardia in patients without prior atrial surgery: electroanatomic characterization and ablation outcome

    Heart Rhythm

    (2005)
  • G.F. Van Hare et al.

    Mapping and radiofrequency ablation of intraatrial reentrant tachycardia after the Senning or Mustard procedure for transposition of the great arteries

    Am J Cardiol

    (1996)
  • C.P. Cantale et al.

    Caracterización electrofisiológica y clínica de la taquicardia macrorreentrante auricular izquierda

    Rev Esp Cardiol

    (2002)
  • S.M. Markowitz et al.

    Lesional tachycardias related to mitral valve surgery

    J Am Coll Cardiol

    (2002)
  • A. Chugh et al.

    Prevalence, mechanisms, and clinical significance of macroreentrant atrial tachycardia during and following left atrial ablation for atrial fibrillation

    Heart Rhythm

    (2005)
  • N. Saoudi et al.

    Classification of atrial flutter and regular atrial tachycardia accordig to electrophysiologic mechanism and anatomic bases: a statement from a Joint Exprt Group from the Working Group of Arrhythmias of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology

    Eur Heart J

    (2001)
  • J.E. Olgin et al.

    Role of right atrial structures as barriers to conduction during human type I atrial flutter. Activation and entrainment mapping guided by intracardiac echocardiography

    Circulation

    (1995)
  • F.G. Cosío et al.

    Atrial flutter mapping and ablation. I. Atrial flutter mapping

    PACE

    (1996)
  • L.A. Biblo et al.

    Risk of stroke in patients with atrial flutter

    Am J Cardiol

    (2001)
  • ACC/AHA/ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with supraventricular arrhythmias. Executive summary: a report of...
  • M.S. Spach et al.

    The discontinuous nature of propagation in normal canine cardiac muscle. Evidence for recurrent discontinuities of intracellular resistance that affect the membrane currents

    Circ Res

    (1981)
  • J.E. Saffitz et al.

    Tissuespecific determinants of anisotropic conduction velocity in canine atrial and ventricular myocardium

    Circ Res

    (1994)
  • C.T. Tai et al.

    Conduction properties of the crista terminalis in patients with typical atrial flutter: basis for a line of block in the reentrant circuit

    J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol

    (1998)
  • B. Shumacher et al.

    Transverse conduction capabilities of the crista terminalis in patients with atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation

    J Am Coll Cardiol

    (1999)
  • A. Arenal et al.

    Rate-dependent conduction block of the crista termialis in patients with typical atrial flutter: influence on evaluation of cavotricuspid isthmus conduction block

    Circulation

    (1999)
  • G.K. Feld et al.

    Possible atrial proarrhythmic effects of class IC antiarrhythmic drugs

    Am J Cardiol

    (1990)
  • H.L. Weiner et al.

    Regular ventricular rhythms in patients with symptomatic paroxysmal atrial fibrillation

    J Am Coll Cardiol

    (1991)
  • S. Riva et al.

    Incidence and clinical significance of transformation of atrial fibrillation to atrial flutter in patients undergoing longterm antiarrhythmic drug treatment

    Europace

    (2000)
  • C.T. Tai et al.

    Characterization of low right atrial isthmus as the slow conduction zone and pharmacological target in typical atrial flutter

    Circulation

    (1997)
  • J.A. Cabrera et al.

    The architecture of the atrial musculature between the orifice of the inferior caval vein and the tricuspid valve: the anatomy of the isthmus

    J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol

    (1998)
  • K. Waki et al.

    Right atrial flutter isthmus revisited: normal anatomy favors nonuniform anisotropic conduction

    J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol

    (2000)
  • D. Sánchez-Quintana et al.

    The terminal crest: morphological features relevant to electrophysiology

    Heart

    (2000)
  • F.G. Cosío

    The right atrium as an anatomic set-up for re-entry: electrophysiology goes back to anatomy

    Heart

    (2002)
  • A. Rosenblueth et al.

    Estudios sobre el flúter y la fibrilación. II. La influencia de los obstáculos artificiales en el flúter auricular experimental

    Arch Inst Cardiol Mex

    (1947)
  • F.G. Cosío et al.

    Atrial endocardial mapping in the rare form of atrial flutter

    Am J Cardiol

    (1991)
  • D. Shah et al.

    Three-dimensional mapping of the common atrial flutter circuit in the right atrium

    Circulation

    (1997)
  • J. Cheng et al.

    Right atrial flutter due to lower loop reentry: mechanism and anatomic substrates

    Circulation

    (1999)
  • J.M. Kalman et al.

    Electrocardiographic and electrophysiologic characterization of atypical atrial flutter in man: use of activation and entrainment mapping and implications for catheter ablation

    J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol

    (1996)
  • F.G. Cosío et al.

    Ablación de flúter auricular. Resultados a largo plazo tras 8 años de experiencia

    Rev Esp Cardiol

    (1998)
  • Cited by (22)

    • Normal and Abnormal Atrial Anatomy Relevant to Atrial Flutters: Areas of Physiological and Acquired Conduction Blocks and Delays Predisposing to Re-entry

      2022, Cardiac Electrophysiology Clinics
      Citation Excerpt :

      Atrial flutter was first described over a century ago, but it is only with developments in invasive electrophysiology that the mechanism of arrhythmia is better understood. It is recognized as a macroreentrant tachycardia that rotates around an obstacle, nominally of several centimeters,1,2 and it requires anatomic or functional barriers to maintain its rotation.3 It can occur in patients with or without previous surgery on or in the atria.

    • Variability in the atrial flutter vectorcardiographic loops and non-invasive localization of circuits

      2021, Biomedical Signal Processing and Control
      Citation Excerpt :

      Standard clinical practice consists in visual inspection of several morphological indicators on the standard ECG recordings, performed by experts on a subset of leads [3]. AFL types (typical or atypical) and their surface ECG patterns have been extensively documented [4,5]. However, visual inspection is not robust, especially in presence of complex disorders [6].

    View all citing articles on Scopus

    La Dra. Ana Paula Magalhaes recibe financiación de una beca de la Fundación Miguel Servet, de Medtronic Ibérica, S.A.

    View full text