Background
Methods
Study location
Sample size and sampling
Study procedure
Ethical issues
Data collection tools and measurements
Pre-test and pilot study
Data management and statistical analysis
Results
Socio-demographic, clinical and other characteristics of sample population
Demographic characteristics (n=2508) | Mean | SD | n | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 56.6 | 10.67 | ||
30 – 39 | 158 | 6.3 | ||
40 – 49 | 458 | 18.3 | ||
50 – 59 | 891 | 35.5 | ||
60 – 69 | 728 | 29.0 | ||
70 – 79 | 238 | 9.5 | ||
≥ 80 | 35 | 1.4 | ||
Sex
| ||||
Male | 975 | 38.9 | ||
Female | 1533 | 61.1 | ||
Ethnicity
a
| ||||
Malay | 1282 | 51.2 | ||
Chinese | 438 | 17.5 | ||
Asian Indian | 787 | 31.3 | ||
Highest Educational Level
| ||||
None | 285 | 11.4 | ||
Never completed primary school | 423 | 16.9 | ||
Completed primary school | 519 | 20.7 | ||
Never completed secondary school | 462 | 18.4 | ||
Completed secondary school | 523 | 20.9 | ||
A-Level/STPM/HSC | 184 | 7.3 | ||
Tertiary | 112 | 4.5 | ||
Monthly household income (MHI) in Malaysian Ringgit (MYR
b
)
| 1,974.6 | 1,869.12 | ||
< 400 | 114 | 4.5 | ||
400 – 699 | 277 | 11.0 | ||
700 – 999 | 313 | 12.5 | ||
1000 – 1999 | 798 | 31.8 | ||
2000 – 2999 | 510 | 20.3 | ||
3000 – 3999 | 207 | 8.3 | ||
4000 – 4999 | 105 | 4.2 | ||
≥ 5000 | 184 | 7.3 | ||
Marital Status
| ||||
Never married | 71 | 2.8 | ||
Married/Cohabiting | 2048 | 81.7 | ||
Divorced/Separated/Widowed | 389 | 15.5 | ||
Current Job Status
| ||||
Civil servant | 227 | 9.0 | ||
Private Sector employee | 448 | 17.8 | ||
Self-employed | 171 | 6.8 | ||
Government retiree | 210 | 8.4 | ||
Private retiree | 158 | 6.3 | ||
Studying and working | 2 | 0.2 | ||
Student | 2 | 0.1 | ||
Housewife | 781 | 31.1 | ||
Unemployed | 509 | 20.3 | ||
BMI (kg/m
2
)
| 27.83 | 5.395 | ||
Underweight (< 18.5) | 28 | 1.1 | ||
Normal (≥ 18.5 - < 25.0) | 751 | 29.9 | ||
Overweight (≥ 25.0 - < 30.0) | 1034 | 41.2 | ||
Obese (≥ 30.0) | 695 | 27.7 | ||
Abdominal Obesity
| ||||
No | 540 | 21.5 | ||
Yes | 1968 | 78.5 | ||
Serum Cholesterol (mmol/l)
| 5.03 | 0.878 | ||
< 5.2 | 1767 | 70.5 | ||
≥ 5.2 | 741 | 29.5 | ||
HbA1c (%)
a
| 8.36 | 2.038 | ||
≤8.5 | 1537 | 61.3 | ||
>8.5 | 970 | 38.7 | ||
Duration of Diabetes (years)
| 7.7 | 6.26 | ||
< 2 yrs | 206 | 8.2 | ||
2 - < 10 yrs | 1521 | 60.6 | ||
10 - < 20 yrs | 586 | 23.4 | ||
≥ 20 yrs | 195 | 7.8 | ||
Co-morbidity
c
| ||||
No | 530 | 21.1 | ||
Yes | 1978 | 78.9 | ||
Psychiatric illness in family
| ||||
No | 2484 | 99.0 | ||
Yes | 24 | 1.0 | ||
Diabetes in family
| ||||
No | 661 | 26.4 | ||
Yes | 1847 | 73.6 | ||
Life events within the last 6 months
| ||||
No | 1373 | 54.7 | ||
Yes | 1135 | 45.3 | ||
Smoking status
†
| ||||
Non-smoker | 2089 | 83.3 | ||
Former smoker | 160 | 6.4 | ||
Current smoker | 259 | 10.3 | ||
Alcohol Consumption Status‡
| ||||
Lifetime abstainer | 2326 | 92.7 | ||
Former drinker | 88 | 3.5 | ||
Current drinker | 94 | 3.8 | ||
Leisure-time Physical Activity Status§
| ||||
Regular activity | 793 | 31.6 | ||
Some activity | 483 | 19.3 | ||
Inactive | 1232 | 49.1 | ||
Life events within the last 6 months¶ | ||||
No | 1373 | 54.7 | ||
Yes | 1135 | 45.3 |
Depression, anxiety and stress
Variables | Depression symptoms |
P
|
cOR | 95% CI | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No (n) †
| (%) | Yes (n) ‡ | (%) | Lower | Upper | |||
Age (Years)
| 0.593 | |||||||
30 – 39* | 138 | 87.3 | 20 | 12.7 | - | - | - | - |
40 - 49 | 407 | 88.3 | 54 | 11.7 | 0.752 | 0.915 | 0.53 | 1.58 |
50 - 59 | 796 | 89.5 | 93 | 10.5 | 0.413 | 0.806 | 0.48 | 1.35 |
60 – 69 | 645 | 88.6 | 83 | 11.4 | 0.655 | 0.888 | 0.53 | 1.50 |
70 - 79 | 205 | 86.9 | 33 | 13.1 | 0.730 | 1.111 | 0.61 | 2.02 |
≥ 80 | 28 | 82.4 | 6 | 17.6 | 0.443 | 1.479 | 0.55 | 4.01 |
Sex
| ||||||||
Male* | 886 | 90.9 | 89 | 9.1 | - | - | - | - |
Female | 1332 | 87.0 | 200 | 13.0 | 0.030 | 1.49 | 1.15 | 1.94 |
Ethnicity (n=2507)
| 0.006 | |||||||
Malay* | 1155 | 90.1 | 127 | 9.9 | - | - | - | |
Chinese | 390 | 89.0 | 48 | 11.0 | 0.529 | 1.12 | 0.79 | 1.59 |
Asian Indian | 673 | 85.5 | 114 | 14.5 | 0.002 | 1.54 | 1.18 | 2.02 |
Educational Level
| 0.006 | |||||||
None | 231 | 81.9 | 54 | 18.1 | 0.001 | 2.24 | 1.37 | 3.65 |
Primary education | 837 | 88.9 | 105 | 11.1 | 0.414 | 1.20 | 0.77 | 1.86 |
Secondary education | 883 | 89.6 | 102 | 10.4 | 0.655 | 1.11 | 0.71 | 1.72 |
Tertiary education* | 268 | 90.5 | 28 | 9.5 | - | - | - | - |
Monthly household income (MHI) in Malaysian Ringgit (MYR)
| 0.006 | |||||||
< 1,000 | 92 | 80.7 | 22 | 19.3 | 0.001 | 1.90 | 1.28 | 2.80 |
1,000 -< 3,000 | 238 | 85.9 | 39 | 14.1 | 0.021 | 1.54 | 1.07 | 2.23 |
≥ 3,000* | 276 | 88.2 | 37 | 11.8 | - | - | - | - |
Marital Status
| 0.000 | |||||||
Never married | 55 | 77.5 | 16 | 22.5 | 0.001 | 2.72 | 1.53 | 4.83 |
Divorced/widowed/separated | 1850 | 90.3 | 198 | 9.7 | 0.000 | 2.23 | 1.67 | 2.99 |
Married* | 314 | 80.7 | 75 | 19.3 | - | - | - | - |
Current Job Status
| 0.013 | |||||||
Unemployed | 438 | 85.4 | 75 | 14.6 | 0.005 | 1.62 | 1.16 | 2.26 |
Housewives | 682 | 87.3 | 99 | 12.7 | 0.047 | 1.37 | 1.00 | 1.82 |
Retired | 334 | 90.8 | 34 | 9.2 | 0.855 | 0.96 | 0.63 | 1.46 |
Employed* | 765 | 90.4 | 81 | 9.6 | - | - | - | - |
BMI (kg/m
2
)
| 0.207 | |||||||
< 25.0* | 686 | 88.1 | 93 | 11.9 | - | - | - | - |
≥ 25.0 | 928 | 89.7 | 106 | 10.3 | 0.256 | 0.84 | 0.63 | 01.13 |
≥30.0 | 605 | 87.1 | 90 | 12.9 | 0.557 | 1.10 | 0.81 | 1.50 |
Abdominal Obesity
| ||||||||
No * | 484 | 89.6 | 56 | 10.4 | - | - | - | - |
Yes | 1735 | 88.2 | 233 | 11.8 | 0.344 | 1.16 | 0.85 | 1.58 |
Sr. Cholesterol level (mmol/l)
| ||||||||
<5.2* | 1555 | 88.0 | 212 | 12.0 | - | - | - | - |
≥ 5.2 | 664 | 89.6 | 77 | 10.4 | 0.251 | 0.85 | 0.65 | 1.12 |
HbA1c level (%) | ||||||||
≤8.5 * | 1369 | 89.1 | 168 | 10.9 | - | - | - | - |
>8.5 | 849 | 87.5 | 121 | 12.5 | 0.239 | 1.16 | 0.91 | 1.49 |
Duration of diabetes (years)
| ||||||||
< 2 | 173 | 84.0 | 33 | 16.0 | 0.036 | 1.53 | 1.03 | 2.26 |
≥ 2* | 2046 | 88.9 | 256 | 11.1 | - | - | - | - |
Co-morbidity
| ||||||||
No* | 466 | 87.9 | 64 | 12.1 | - | - | - | - |
Yes | 1753 | 88.6 | 225 | 11.4 | 0.654 | 0.94 | 0.70 | 1.26 |
Psychiatric illness in family
| ||||||||
No* | 2202 | 88.6 | 282 | 11.4 | - | - | - | - |
Yes | 17 | 70.8 | 7 | 29.2 | 0.010 | 3.22 | 1.32 | 7.82 |
Diabetes in family
| ||||||||
No* | 582 | 88.0 | 79 | 12.0 | - | - | - | - |
Yes | 1637 | 88.6 | 210 | 11.4 | 0.688 | 0.945 | 0.718 | 1.245 |
Life events within the past 6 months
| ||||||||
No* | 1221 | 88.9 | 152 | 11.1 | - | - | - | - |
Yes | 998 | 87.9 | 137 | 12.1 | 0.435 | 1.103 | 0.863 | 1.410 |
Smoking status
| 0.550 | |||||||
Non smoker* | 1842 | 88.2 | 247 | 11.8 | - | - | - | - |
Former smoker | 143 | 89.4 | 17 | 10.6 | 0.304 | 0.797 | 0.517 | 1.229 |
Current smoker | 234 | 90.3 | 25 | 9.7 | 0.650 | 0.887 | 0.527 | 1.491 |
Current drinker
| ||||||||
No* | 2140 | 88.6 | 274 | 11.4 | - | - | - | - |
Yes | 79 | 84.0 | 15 | 16.0 | 0.173 | 1.48 | 0.84 | 2.61 |
Leisure-time physical activity level
| ||||||||
Inactive | 1077 | 87.4 | 155 | 12.6 | 0.103 | 1.23 | 0.96 | 1.57 |
Active* | 1142 | 89.5 | 134 | 10.5 | - | - | - | - |
Variables | Anxiety symptoms |
P
|
cOR | 95% CI | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No (n) †
| (%) | Yes (n) ‡ | (%) | Lower | Upper | |||
Age (Years)
| 0.006 | |||||||
30 – 39* | 102 | 64.6 | 56 | 35.4 | - | - | - | - |
40 - 49 | 341 | 74.2 | 119 | 25.8 | 0.021 | 0.63 | 0.43 | 0.93 |
50 - 59 | 628 | 70.6 | 261 | 29.4 | 0.126 | 0.76 | 0.53 | 1.08 |
60 – 69 | 504 | 69.2 | 224 | 30.8 | 0.253 | 0.81 | 0.56 | 1.16 |
70 - 79 | 144 | 60.5 | 94 | 39.5 | 0.416 | 1.19 | 0.78 | 1.80 |
≥ 80 | 22 | 64.7 | 12 | 35.3 | 0.987 | 0.99 | 0.46 | 2.16 |
Sex
| ||||||||
Male* | 710 | 72.8 | 265 | 27.2 | - | - | - | - |
Female | 1032 | 67.3 | 501 | 32.7 | 0.004 | 1.30 | 1.09 | 1.55 |
Ethnicity
| 0.022 | |||||||
Malay* | 911 | 71.0 | 372 | 29.0 | - | - | - | - |
Chinese | 314 | 71.7 | 124 | 28.3 | 0.778 | 0.97 | 0.76 | 1.23 |
Asian Indian | 516 | 65.7 | 270 | 34.3 | 0.012 | 1.28 | 1.06 | 1.55 |
Educational Level
| 0.070 | |||||||
None | 184 | 64.6 | 101 | 35.4 | 0.045 | 1.43 | 1.01 | 2.04 |
Primary education | 629 | 66.8 | 313 | 33.2 | 0.076 | 1.30 | 0.97 | 1.73 |
Secondary education | 715 | 72.6 | 270 | 27.4 | 0.922 | 0.99 | 0.74 | 1.32 |
Tertiary education* | 214 | 72.3 | 82 | 27.7 | - | - | - | - |
Monthly household income (MHI) in Malaysian Ringgit (MYR)
| 0.001 | |||||||
< 1,000 | 457 | 64.9 | 247 | 35.1 | 0.000 | 1.64 | 1.27 | 2.12 |
1,000 -< 3,000 | 912 | 69.7 | 396 | 30.3 | 0.022 | 1.32 | 1.04 | 1.67 |
≥ 3,000* | 373 | 75.2 | 123 | 24.8 | - | - | - | - |
Marital Status
| 0.010 | |||||||
Never married | 52 | 73.2 | 19 | 26.8 | 0.626 | 0.88 | 0.51 | 1.49 |
Divorced/widowed/separated | 1445 | 70.6 | 603 | 29.4 | 0.003 | 1.41 | 1.12 | 1.77 |
Married* | 245 | 63.0 | 144 | 37.0 | - | - | - | - |
Current Job Status
| 0.000 | |||||||
Unemployed | 315 | 61.4 | 198 | 38.6 | 0.000 | 1.86 | 1.47 | 2.35 |
Housewives | 530 | 67.9 | 251 | 32.1 | 0.002 | 1.40 | 1.13 | 1.74 |
Retired | 265 | 72.0 | 103 | 28.0 | 0.326 | 1.15 | 0.87 | 1.51 |
Employed* | 632 | 74.7 | 214 | 25.3 | - | - | - | - |
BMI (kg/m
2
)
| 0.472 | |||||||
< 25.0* | 529 | 67.9 | 250 | 32.1 | - | - | - | - |
≥ 25.0 | 721 | 69.7 | 313 | 30.3 | 0.407 | 0.92 | 0.75 | 1.12 |
≥ 30.0 | 492 | 70.8 | 203 | 29.2 | 0.023 | 0.87 | 0.70 | 1.09 |
Abdominal Obesity
| ||||||||
No* | 373 | 69.1 | 167 | 30.9 | - | - | - | - |
Yes | 1369 | 69.6 | 599 | 30.4 | 0.827 | 0.98 | 0.80 | 1.20 |
Sr. Cholesterol level (mmol/l)
| ||||||||
<5.2* | 1215 | 68.8 | 552 | 38.2 | 0.242 | 0.90 | 0.74 | 1.08 |
≥ 5.2 | 527 | 71.1 | 214 | 28.9 | - | - | - | - |
HbA1c level (%)
| ||||||||
≤8.5* | 1101 | 71.6 | 436 | 28.4 | - | - | - | - |
>8.5 | 641 | 66.1 | 329 | 33.9 | 0.003 | 1.30 | 1.09 | 1.54 |
Duration of DM (years)
| ||||||||
< 2 | 158 | 76.7 | 48 | 23.3 | 0.019 | 1.49 | 1.07 | 2.09 |
≥ 2* | 1584 | 68.8 | 718 | 31.2 | - | - | - | - |
Co-morbidity
| ||||||||
No* | 382 | 72.1 | 148 | 27.9 | - | - | - | - |
Yes | 1360 | 68.8 | 618 | 31.2 | 0.141 | 1.17 | 0.95 | 1.45 |
Psychiatric illness in family
| ||||||||
No* | 1730 | 69.6 | 754 | 30.4 | 0.043 | 2.29 | 1.03 | 5.13 |
Yes | 12 | 50.0 | 12 | 50.0 | - | - | - | - |
Diabetes in family
| ||||||||
No* | 477 | 72.2 | 184 | 37.8 | 0.079 | 1.19 | 0.98 | 1.45 |
Yes | 1265 | 68.5 | 582 | 31.5 | - | - | - | - |
Life events within the past 6 months
| ||||||||
No* | 996 | 72.5 | 377 | 27.5 | - | - | - | - |
Yes | 746 | 65.7 | 389 | 34.3 | 0.000 | 1.38 | 1.16 | 1.63 |
Smoking status
| 0.064 | |||||||
Non smoker* | 1433 | 68.6 | 656 | 31.4 | - | - | - | - |
Former smoker | 186 | 71.8 | 73 | 28.2 | 0.030 | 0.66 | 0.45 | 0.96 |
Current smoker | 123 | 76.9 | 37 | 23.1 | 0.292 | 0.86 | 0.64 | 1.14 |
Current drinker
| ||||||||
No* | 1677 | 69.5 | 737 | 30.5 | - | - | - | - |
Yes | 65 | 69.1 | 29 | 30.9 | 0.947 | 1.015 | 0.650 | 1.59 |
Leisure-time physical activity level
| ||||||||
Active* | 931 | 73.0 | 345 | 27.0 | - | - | - | - |
Inactive | 811 | 65.8 | 421 | 34.2 | 0.000 | 1.40 | 1.18 | 1.66 |
Variables | Stress symptoms |
P
|
cOR | 95% CI | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No (n) †
| (%) | Yes (n) ‡ | (%) | Lower | Upper | |||
Age (Years)
| 0.336 | |||||||
30 – 39* | 133 | 84.2 | 25 | 15.8 | - | - | - | - |
40 - 49 | 408 | 88.5 | 53 | 11.5 | 0.159 | 0.691 | 0.413 | 1.156 |
50 - 59 | 784 | 88.2 | 105 | 11.8 | 0.160 | 0.713 | 0.444 | 1.144 |
60 – 69 | 627 | 86.1 | 101 | 13.9 | 0.525 | 0.857 | 0.532 | 1.380 |
70 - 79 | 214 | 89.9 | 24 | 10.1 | 0.092 | 0.597 | 0.327 | 1.088 |
≥ 80 | 28 | 82.4 | 6 | 17.6 | 0.793 | 1.140 | 0.428 | 3.037 |
Sex
| ||||||||
Male* | 870 | 89.2 | 105 | 10.8 | - | - | - | - |
Female | 1324 | 86.4 | 209 | 13.6 | 0.035 | 1.31 | 1.02 | 1.68 |
Ethnicity
| 0.077 | |||||||
Malay* | 1135 | 88.5 | 147 | 11.5 | - | - | - | - |
Chinese | 387 | 88.4 | 51 | 11.6 | 0.920 | 1.02 | 0.73 | 1.43 |
Asian Indian | 671 | 85.3 | 116 | 14.7 | 0.030 | 1.34 | 1.03 | 1.73 |
Educational Level
| 0.219 | |||||||
None | 253 | 88.8 | 32 | 11.2 | 0.484 | 1.211 | 0.709 | 2.068 |
Primary education | 824 | 87.5 | 118 | 12.5 | 0.155 | 1.371 | 0.888 | 2.116 |
Secondary education | 849 | 86.2 | 136 | 13.8 | 0.051 | 1.533 | 0.998 | 2.355 |
Tertiary education* | 268 | 90.5 | 28 | 9.5 | - | - | - | - |
Monthly household income (MHI) in Malaysian Ringgit (MYR)
| 0.088 | |||||||
< 1,000 | 600 | 85.2 | 104 | 14.8 | 0.051 | 1.419 | 1.00 | 2.02 |
1,000 -< 3,000 | 1152 | 88.1 | 156 | 11.9 | 0.539 | 1.108 | 0.80 | 1.54 |
≥ 3,000* | 442 | 89.1 | 54 | 10.9 | - | - | - | - |
Marital Status
| 0.573 | |||||||
Never married | 62 | 87.3 | 9 | 12.7 | 0.906 | 1.04 | 0.51 | 2.13 |
Divorced/widowed/separated | 1798 | 87.8 | 250 | 12.2 | 0.292 | 1.18 | 0.87 | 1.62 |
Married * | 334 | 85.9 | 55 | 14.1 | - | - | - | - |
Current Job Status
| 0.152 | |||||||
Unemployed | 436 | 85.0 | 77 | 15.0 | 0.043 | 1.40 | 1.01 | 1.93 |
Housewives | 679 | 86.9 | 102 | 13.1 | 0.258 | 1.19 | 0.88 | 1.60 |
Retired | 328 | 89.1 | 40 | 10.9 | 0.855 | 0.96 | 0.65 | 1.43 |
Employed* | 751 | 88.8 | 95 | 11.2 | - | - | - | - |
BMI (kg/m
2
)
| 0.440 | |||||||
< 25.0* | 676 | 86.8 | 103 | 13.2 | - | - | - | - |
≥ 25.0 | 915 | 88.5 | 119 | 11.5 | 0.271 | 0.85 | 0.64 | 1.13 |
≥ 30.0 | 603 | 86.8 | 92 | 13.2 | 0.993 | 1.00 | 0.74 | 1.35 |
Abdominal Obesity
| ||||||||
No* | 475 | 88.0 | 65 | 12.0 | - | - | - | - |
Yes | 1719 | 87.3 | 249 | 12.7 | 0.70 | 1.06 | 0.79 | 1.42 |
Sr. Cholesterol level (mmol/l)
| ||||||||
<5.2* | 1545 | 87.4 | 222 | 12.6 | - | - | - | - |
≥ 5.2 | 649 | 87.6 | 92 | 12.4 | 0.919 | 0.99 | 0.76 | 1.28 |
HbA1c level (%)
| ||||||||
≤8.5* | 1376 | 89.5 | 161 | 10.5 | - | - | - | - |
>8.5 | 817 | 84.2 | 153 | 15.8 | 0.000 | 1.60 | 1.26 | 2.03 |
Duration of Diabetes (years)
| ||||||||
< 2 | 182 | 88.3 | 24 | 11.7 | - | - | - | - |
≥ 2* | 2012 | 87.4 | 290 | 12.6 | 0.694 | 0.915 | 0.59 | 1.43 |
Co-morbidity
| ||||||||
No* | 477 | 90.0 | 53 | 10.0 | - | - | - | - |
Yes | 1717 | 86.8 | 261 | 13.2 | 0.049 | 1.37 | 1.00 | 1.87 |
Psychiatric illness in family
| ||||||||
No* | 2179 | 87.7 | 305 | 12.3 | - | - | - | - |
Yes | 15 | 62.5 | 9 | 37.5 | 0.001 | 4.28 | 1.86 | 9.88 |
Diabetes in family
| ||||||||
No* | 594 | 89.9 | 67 | 10.1 | - | - | - | - |
Yes | 1600 | 86.6 | 247 | 13.4 | 0.031 | 1.37 | 1.04 | 1.82 |
Life events within the past 6 months
| ||||||||
No* | 1227 | 89.4 | 146 | 10.6 | - | - | - | - |
Yes | 967 | 85.2 | 168 | 14.8 | 0.002 | 1.46 | 1.15 | 1.85 |
Smoking status
| 0.836 | |||||||
Non smoker* | 1824 | 87.3 | 265 | 12.7 | - | - | - | - |
Former smoker | 142 | 88.8 | 18 | 11.2 | 0.743 | 0.94 | 0.63 | 1.39 |
Current smoker | 228 | 88.0 | 31 | 12.0 | 0.598 | 0.87 | 0.53 | 1.45 |
Current drinker
| ||||||||
No* | 2119 | 87.8 | 295 | 12.2 | - | - | - | - |
Yes | 75 | 79.8 | 19 | 20.2 | 0.023 | 1.82 | 1.08 | 3.05 |
Leisure-time physical activity level
| ||||||||
Active* | 1112 | 87.1 | 164 | 12.9 | - | - | - | - |
Inactive | 1082 | 87.8 | 150 | 12.2 | 0.608 | 0.94 | 0.74 | 1.19 |
Variable | Categories | B | S.E. | Wald | p-value | aOR | 95% CI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | |||||||
Depression | ||||||||
Constant
| −2.194 | 0.226 | 94.045 | 0.000 | ||||
Ethnicity
| 6.539 | 0.038 | ||||||
Malay* | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
Chinese | −0.002 | 0.185 | 0.000 | 0.993 | 1.00 | 0.70 | 1.44 | |
Asian Indian | 0.337 | 0.142 | 5.619 | 0.018 | 1.40 | 1.06 | 1.85 | |
Sex
| Male* | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Female | 0.350 | 0.145 | 5.828 | 0.016 | 1.42 | 1.068 | 1.89 | |
Marital Status
| 29.490 | 0.000 | ||||||
Never married | 0.931 | 0.300 | 9.656 | 0.002 | 2.54 | 1.41 | 4.57 | |
Divorced/widowed/separated | 0.735 | 0.153 | 22.935 | 0.000 | 2.09 | 1.54 | 2.82 | |
Married* | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
Psychiatric illness in family
| No* | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Yes | 1.014 | 0.469 | 4.685 | 0.030 | 2.76 | 1.10 | 6.91 | |
Duration of diabetes (years)
| < 2 | 0.452 | 0.205 | 4.840 | 0.028 | 1.57 | 1.05 | 2.35 |
≥ 2* | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
Current drinker
| No* | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Yes | 0.610 | 0.312 | 3.823 | 0.051 | 1.84 | 1.00 | 3.39 | |
Anxiety
| ||||||||
Constant
| −1.474 | 0.293 | 25.217 | 0.000 | 0.229 | |||
Age Group (yrs)
| 11.180 | 0.048 | ||||||
30 – 39* | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
40 - 49 | −0.530 | 0.201 | 6.955 | 0.008 | 0.59 | 0.40 | 0.87 | |
50 - 59 | −0.402 | 0.188 | 4.559 | 0.033 | 0.67 | 0.46 | 0.97 | |
60 – 69 | −0.468 | 0.202 | 5.378 | 0.020 | 0.63 | 0.42 | 0.93 | |
70 - 79 | −0.138 | 0.238 | 0.337 | 0.562 | 0.87 | 0.55 | 1.39 | |
≥ 80 | −0.400 | 0.416 | 0.922 | 0.337 | 0.67 | 0.30 | 1.52 | |
Current Job Status
| 17.848 | 0.001 | ||||||
Retired | 0.201 | 0.160 | 1.579 | 0.209 | 1.22 | 0.89 | 1.67 | |
Unemployed | 0.220 | 0.140 | 2.448 | 0.118 | 1.25 | 0.95 | 1.64 | |
Housewives | 0.474 | 0.158 | 9.020 | 0.003 | 1.61 | 1.18 | 2.19 | |
Employed* | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
HbA1c level (%)
| ≤8.5* | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
>8.5 | 0.298 | 0.091 | 10.649 | 0.001 | 1.35 | 1.13 | 1.61 | |
Psychiatric illness in family
| No* | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Yes | 0.876 | 0.419 | 4.368 | 0.037 | 2.40 | 1.06 | 5.46 | |
Life events
| No* | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Yes | 0.324 | 0.089 | 13.241 | 0.000 | 1.38 | 1.16 | 1.65 | |
Physical Activity Status
| Inactive | 0.304 | 0.090 | 11.542 | 0.001 | 1.36 | 1.13 | 1.62 |
Active* | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
Stress
| ||||||||
Constant
| −2.832 | 0.193 | 215.60 | 0.000 | 0.059 | |||
Sex
| Male* | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Female | 0.312 | 0.134 | 5.397 | 0.020 | 1.37 | 1.05 | 1.78 | |
HbA1c level (%)
| ≤8.5* | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
>8.5 | 0.493 | 0.123 | 16.119 | 0.000 | 1.64 | 1.29 | 2.08 | |
Co-morbidity
| No* | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Yes | 0.345 | 0.161 | 4.561 | 0.033 | 1.41 | 1.029 | 1.94 | |
Psychiatric illness in family
| No* | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Yes | 1.435 | .434 | 10.931 | 0.001 | 4.20 | 1.79 | 9.83 | |
Life events
| No* | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Yes | 0.292 | 0.123 | 5.592 | 0.018 | 1.34 | 1.05 | 1.71 | |
Current drinker
| No* | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Yes | 0.775 | 0.282 | 7.580 | 0.006 | 2.17 | 1.25 | 3.77 |