Background
Methods
Search strategy
Inclusion criteria
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Types of studies: Any study design reporting results based on administration of the original version of the LLFDI.
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Types of participants: Studies including community-dwelling (non-institutionalized) older adults (mean age > 60 years).
Data extraction
Data synthesis
Results
Search results
Convergent/divergent validity
Function component
Disability component
Known-groups validity
Study | Scale(s) | Function component | Disability component |
---|---|---|---|
Foster et al. 2011 [27] | Disability (IR) | Lower body obesity vs. central obesity group: | |
No between-group differences in men or women for IR. | |||
Gibson et al. 2010 [29] | Function (overall) Disability (FREQ, LIM) | Community dwellers vs. retirement dwellers and males vs. females: Overall function discriminated between both groups (p = 0.015 and p < 0.001, respectively). | Community dwellers vs. retirement dwellers: |
No between-group differences in FREQ or LIM. | |||
Males vs. females: | |||
FREQ (p = 0.013) discriminated between groups. | |||
Gitlin et al. 2012 [30] | Function (overall) | Female vs. male and depressed vs. non-depressed: | |
Overall function differed in both groups (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively). | |||
Haley et al. 2002 [5] | Function (overall, UE, BLE, ALE) | Functional limitation groups measured by the PF-10: | |
Overall function and ALE discriminated between severe vs. moderate, moderate vs. slight and slight vs. none (all p < 0.0167). BLE and UE discriminated between severe vs. moderate and moderate vs. slight (all p < 0.0167). | |||
Jette et al. 2002 [6] | Disability (FREQ, LIM, SR, PR, IR, MR) | Functional limitation groups measured by the PF-10: | |
FREQ, SR, LIM and IR all discriminated between severe vs. moderate, moderate vs. slight and slight vs. none groups (all p < 0.0167). PR discriminated between moderate vs. slight (p < 0.0167). | |||
Julius et al. 2012 [36] | Function (overall, BLE, ALE) Disability (LIM) | No exertion during walking vs. some exertion during walking: | No exertion during walking vs. some exertion during walking: |
Overall function (p = 0.011), BLE (p = 0.012) and ALE (p = 0.022) all discriminated between groups. | LIM (p = 0.024) discriminated between groups. | ||
Kafri et al. 2012 [37] | Function (overall, UE, BLE, ALE) Disability (LIM, FREQ, IR, MR, SR, PR) | Urgency urinary incontinence (UUI) vs. age-matched controls: Lower overall function (p < 0.001) and ALE (p < 0.001) in those with UUI. | Urgency urinary incontinence (UUI) vs. age-matched controls: |
No differences between groups in Disability. | |||
Karp et al. 2009 [38] | Disability (LIM, FREQ) | Not depressed vs. depressed: | |
Lower FREQ and LIM scores in depressed (both p < 0.001). | |||
Kerr et al. 2012 [40] | Function (overall) | <30 min physical activity vs. 30 + min physical activity: Function differed between groups (p = 0.002). <30 min outdoors vs. 30+ min outdoors: Function differed between groups (p = 0.007). | |
Li et al. 2012 [47] | Function (overall) Disability (LIM, FREQ) | High habitual gait speed (HGS) vs. moderate vs. low: Function (overall) (p < 0.001) discriminated between groups. | High habitual gait speed (HGS) vs. moderate vs. low: LIM (p < 0.001) discriminated between groups. |
Lowe et al. 2009 [48] | Function (BLE, UE, ALE) | Walking ≥ 30 min/day vs. walking < 30 min/day and walking ≥ 60 min/day vs. walking < 60 min/day: | |
Trend for higher ALE in subjects who walked ≥ 30 min/day (p = 0.17) and in ≥ 60 min/day group (p = 0.10). | |||
Melzer & Kurz 2009 [51] | Function (BLE, UE, ALE) Disability (LIM, FREQ) | Non-fallers vs. one-time fallers vs. recurrent fallers: | Non-fallers vs. one-time fallers vs. recurrent fallers: |
Overall function (p = 0.04) and BLE (p = 0.03) discriminated between recurrent fallers and non-fallers. | No differences between groups. | ||
Melzer et al. 2007 [52] | Function (overall, UE, BLE, ALE), Disability (FREQ, LIM, SR, PR, IR, MR) | Cane vs. non-cane (NC) users: | Cane vs. non-cane (NC) users: |
Overall function (p = 0.001), UE (p = 0.004), BLE (p = 0.001), ALE (p = 0.003) all discriminated between groups. | LIM (p < 0.001), IR (p < 0.001), MR (p = 0.001), FREQ (p = 0.047) and SR (p = 0.046) all discriminated between groups. Trend for a difference in PR (p = 0.16). | ||
Porensky et al. 2009 [61] | Disability (FREQ, LIM) | Controls vs. those with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) without comorbitidy (CM) vs. those with GAD and CM: | |
Both FREQ and LIM discriminated across groups (p < 0.001). Post-hoc analysis showed FREQ and LIM differed in both GAD groups vs. controls. | |||
Sayers et al. 2004 [68] | Function (overall, UE, BLE, ALE) Disability (LIM, FREQ) | Mobility limited vs. non-mobility limited based on 400 m walk: Overall function, UE, BLE, ALE all discriminated between groups (all p < 0.01). | Mobility limited vs. non-mobility limited based on 400 m walk: |
LIM and FREQ both discriminated between groups (both p < 0.01). | |||
Segal et al. 2013 [69] | Function (ALE) | High vs. moderate vs. low functioning based on chair-stand test: | |
Men in the high-functioning group reported higher ALE than those in the moderate and low-functioning groups (p = 0.004). | |||
Shahar et al. 2009 [72] | Function (overall, BLE) Disability (LIM) | Fallers vs. non-fallers: | Fallers vs. non-fallers: |
Trend for difference in overall function (p = 0.06) and BLE (p = 0.16). | No difference in LIM between groups. | ||
Sriwattanakomen et al. 2010 [73] | Disability (LIM, FREQ) | Black vs. white: | |
LIM greater in blacks vs. whites (p = 0.02). FREQ not different between groups. |
Function component
Disability component
Reliability
Function component
Disability component
Sensitivity to change
Function component
Component | Subscale | Mean effect size (range) | No of studies, total sample size |
---|---|---|---|
Function | Overall | 0.40 (0.04 to 0.74) | 8, 487 |
Basic lower extremity | 0.45 (0.02 to 0.84) | 7, 466 | |
Advanced lower extremity | 0.33 (−0.02 to 0.78) | 7, 466 | |
Upper extremity | 0.21 (−0.19 to 0.57) | 5, 124 | |
Disability | Limitation dimension | 0.35 (−0.10 to 1.2) | 7, 444 |
Instrumental role | 0.83 (0.47 to 1.28) | 3, 66 | |
Management role | 0.55 (0.48 to 0.62) | 2, 43 | |
Frequency dimension | 0.32 (0.13 to 0.67) | 4, 300 | |
Social role | 0.36 (0.01 to 0.71) | 2, 43 | |
Personal role | 0.30 (0.19 to 0.40) | 2, 43 |