Background
Methods
Study selection
Search strategy
Data extraction
Results
Author | Sampling setting and report of results | Sampling location | Years of resistance testing | Total no. of isolates (Austria) | Bacteria | Antibiotics | General Resistance findings |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Auer et al 2010 [30] | Hospital (2%) and primary health care (98%) - results reported together | Salzburg, Upper Austria, Styria (Austria) | 2004-2008 | 100 |
ESBL-producing E. coli
| FOF, MEL, ETP, NIT, SXT, GEN, CIP | 3% FOF, 6% NIT, 15% MEL, 0% ETP, 22% GEN, 73% SXT, 78% CIPa
|
Badura et al 2007 [37] | Hospital and primary health care- results reported together | Southeast Austria | 1997-2006 | 690,967 collectively |
E. coli, S. aureus, Klebsiella spp. | Various for each bacteria | The data show insignificant changes in prevalence of MRSA and vancomycin-resistant enterococci in southeast Austria during the past decade (1997-2006) but an alarming increase of ESBL-producing E. coli isolates in recent years. |
Buxbaum et al 2003 [32] | Hospital and primary health care- results reported together | Austria | 2001-2002 | 542 |
S. pneumoniae, | PEN, TEL, ERY, CLR, | 2.2% PEN, 0% TEL, 8.5% ERY, 10.3% CLR, 7% AZM |
223 |
S. pyogenes, | same | 0% PEN, 0% TEL, 8% ERY, 6.7% CLR, 8.1% AZM | ||||
183 |
S. aureus, | same | 73.2% PEN, 2.2 TEL, 17% ERY, 16.4% CLR, 16.4% AZM | ||||
67 |
H. influenzae
| AMP instead of PEN | 1.5% AMP, 0% TEL, ERY, CLR, AZM | ||||
Canton et al 2002 [21] | Primary health care | 25 countries worldwide incl. Austria | 1999-2000 | 25 |
S.pyogenes, | ERY, LVX, PEN, TEL | No special results for Austria. But compared to the other countries Austria had one of the lowest resistance rates. |
20 |
S.aureus
| TEL | 0% TEL | ||||
Cizman 2003 [22] | Primary health care | 21 countries in Europe incl. Austria | 1997-1999 1997-2000 | n/a |
H. influenzae, | PEN | The antibiotic resistance rates were set in correlation with the mean national outpatient consumption. Compared to the other countries Austria had a low total outpatient consumption of 13.80 DDD/1000 inhabitants/day in 1997 and a penicillin resistance rate of S. pneumoniae of 12.4%. With the consumption of macrolides Austria was ranked in the middle field with a resistance rate for S. pneumoniae of 11.4%. |
S. pneumoniae, | PEN, ERY | ||||||
S. pyogenes
| ERY | ||||||
Felmingham et al 2002 [23] | Primary health care | 25 countries worldwide incl. Austria | 1999-2000 | 57 |
S. pneumoniae
| PEN, ERY | 5.3% PEN, 12.3% ERY Compared to the other countries Austria had one of the lowest resistance rates. |
Graninger 2003 [24] | Primary health care | 16 European countries incl. Austria and Canada | 1999-2000 | n/a |
E. coli
| n/a | The publication highlights the effectiveness of MEL compared to other antibiotics |
Hoban et al 2002 [25] | Primary health care | 25 countries worldwide incl. Austria | 1999-2000 | 40 19 |
H.influenzae
M. catarrhalis
| n/a | 2.5% ß-lactamase + 89.5% ß-lactamase + |
Hönigl et al 2010 [33] | Hospital (63%) and primary health care (37%)- results reported together | Southeast Austria | 1997-2008 | 1997: (n = 113) 2008: (n = 218) |
S. pneumoniae
| PEN, ERY, CLI, TET, SXT, quinolones | 1997: 3.5% ERY, 1.8% CLI, 1.8% TET, 7.1% SXT, 0.9% QUIN 2008: 14.7% ERY, 10.6% CLI, 11% TET, 9.2% SXT, 0.5% quinolones |
Kahlmeter 2003 [26] | Primary health care | 17 countries in Europe incl. Austria | 1999-2000 | 126 |
E. coli
| AMP, AMC, MEC, CFR, TMP, SUL, SXT, NAL, CIP, NIT, FOF, GEN | Compared to the other 16 European countries Austria had one of the lowest resistance rates for E. coli: 17.5% AMP, 2.4% AMC, 1.6% MEC, 0.8% CFR, 9.5% TMP, 25.4% SUL, 9.5% SXT, 2.4% NAL, 0% CIP, 0.8% NIT, 0% FOF, 0.8% GEN |
Kahlmeter et al 2003 [29] | Primary health care | 17 countries in Europe including Austria | 1999-2000 | 126 |
E. coli
| AMP, AMC, MEC, CFR, TMP, SUL, SXT, NAL, CIP, NIT, FOF, GEN | 17.5% AMP, 2.4% AMC, 1.6 MEC, 0.8% CFR, 9.5% TMP, 25.4 SUL, 9.5% SXT, 2.4% NAL, 0% CIP, 0.8% NIT, 0% FOF, 0.8 GEN |
Krziwanek et al 2008 [35] | Hospital and primary health care- results reported together | Austria | 1996-2006 | 1,439 |
MRSA
| n/a | In Carinthia, 73% of all MRSA belonged to ST228. In the Austrian region "Salzkammergut", the proportion of ST5 increased from 26% in 2004 to 89% in 2006. In eastern Upper Austria and western Lower Austria, the ST8 Austrian clone was predominant. |
Krziwanek et al 2009 [36] | Hospital and primary health care- results reported together | Upper Austria | 2006-2008 | 1,098 |
MRSA
| n/a | Out of the 1,098 MRSA samples from humans, 21 were MRSA type ST398 that is usually associated with animals. Most of these 21 patients were farmers (n = 16). Increasing prevalence from 1.3% in 2006 to 2.5% in 2008 shows emergence of MRSA ST398 in humans in Austria. |
Prelog et al 2008 [31] | Hospital and primary health care- results reported together | Western Austria | 2006 | 2,042 |
E. coli
| n/a | 20 out of the 2,042 E. coli isolates demonstrated alleles encoding CTX-M enzymes belonging to phylogentic group 1. |
Schito et al 2000 [27] | Primary health care | 14 countries in Europe incl. Austria | 1992-1998 | 185 |
S. pneumoniae
| PEN, ERY | 4.8% PEN, 11.4% |
153 |
H. influenzae
| DOX, SXT, CIP | 1.3% DOX, 13.7% SXT, 0.0% CIP | ||||
n/a |
M. catarrhalis
| n/a | |||||
Schito et al 2002 [34] | Hospital and primary health care- results reported together | Italy, Spain, Austria | 1999-2000 | 3,593 collectively in all three countries |
S. pneumoniae,
M. catherrralis,
H. influenzae
K. pneumoniae
S. pyogenes,
S. aureus
| AMP, AMC, CEC, CXM, CFM, CTB, CPD, AZM, CLR for all bacteria | The results show a substantial prevalence of macrolide resistance of the bacteria analysed in Italy, Spain and Austria. |
Schito et al 2009 [28] | Primary health care | 9 European countries including Austria and in addition Brazil | 2003-2006 | 3,018 collectively in all nine countries |
E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. mirabilis, S. saphrophyticus
| AMP, AMC, MEC, CFX, NAL, CIP, SXT, NIT, FOF | Mean resistance rates for E.coli between 2003 and 2006 for Austria were e.g.: 48.3% AMP 8.1% NAL and 29.0% SXT. Compared to the other countries Austria with 48.3% resistance against AMP had one of the highest resistance rates; against the other antibiotics one of the lowest rates. |
Editor | Title | Sampling setting and report of the results | Sampling location | Tested bacteria | Years of sampling and resistance testing |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bundesministerium f. Gesundheit Österreich | Österreichischer Resistenzbericht AURES 2009 [39] | Hospitals and primary health care sector - results reported separately | Austria |
S. pyogenes, S. Pneumoniae
H.influenzae
E. coli, P. mirabilis,
S. aureus
| One year before the publication |
Österreichischer Resistenzbericht AURES 2008 [61] | |||||
Abt. f. Mikrobiologie, Med.-chem. Labor Dr. Mustafa, Labor Dr. Richter OG | Resistenzreport 2009 Zusammenfassung der lokalen Resistenzdaten [62] | The majority of isolates was collected in the primary health care sector but some isolates were collected in hospitals and residencies as well - results reported partly separate since 2009 | Salzburg, Upper Austria, Upper Styria (Austria) |
S. pyogenes, S. pneumoniae
H. influenzae
E. coli, P. mirabilis,
S. aureus
| One year before the publication |
Resistenzreport 2008 Zusammenfassung der lokalen Resistenzdaten [63] | |||||
Resistenzbericht 2007 [64] | |||||
Resistenzbericht 2006 [65] | |||||
Resistenzbericht 2005 [66] | Salzburg (Austria) | ||||
Resistenzbericht 2004 [67] | |||||
Resistenzbericht 2003 [68] | |||||
Resistenzbericht 2002 [69] | |||||
Institut f. Hygiene, Mikrobiologie und Umweltmed. Med. Univ. Graz, Labor für Med. Bakteriologie und Mykologie | Resistenzbericht 2010 [70] | Isolates from primary health care (50%) and from secondary and tertiary care sector (50%) - results reported partly separate | Styria (Austria) |
S. pyogenes, S. pneumoniae
H. influenzae
E. coli, P. mirabilis,
S. aureus
| One year before the publication |
Resistenzbericht 2009 [71] | |||||
Resistenzbericht 2008 [72] | |||||
Bakterielles Labor des LKH Leoben | Resistenzbericht 2009 aus dem Einsendegut des Bakt. Labors im LKH Leoben [73] | Hospitals (90%) and primary health care (10%) - results reported partly separate since 2007 | Upper Styria (Austria) |
S. pyogenes, S. pneumoniae
H. influenzae
E. coli, P. mirabilis,
S. aureus
| One year before the publication |
Resistenzbericht 2007 aus dem Einsendegut des Bakt. Labors im LKH Leoben [74] | |||||
Resistenzbericht 2006 aus dem Einsendegut des Bakt. Labors im LKH Leoben | |||||
Resistenzbericht 2005 aus dem Einsendegut des Bakt. Labors im LKH Leoben [75] | |||||
Resistenzbericht 2004 aus dem Einsendegut des Bakt. Labors im LKH Leoben [76] | |||||
Resistenzbericht 2003 aus dem Einsendegut des Bakt. Labors im LKH Leoben [77] | |||||
Sekt. Hygiene u. Med. Mikrobiologie u. Univ. Klinik für Innere Med. I, Klin. Infektiologie u. Immunologie Med. Univ. Innsbruck | Resistenzbericht 2009. Resistenzverhalten von Bakterien und Pilzen gegen Antibiotika und Antimykotika [78] | Primary, secondary and tertiary health care - results reported separately | Tyrol (Austria) |
S. pyogenes, S. pneumoniae
H.influenzae
E. coli, P. mirabilis,
S. aureus
| One year before the publication |
Resistenzbericht 2008. Resistenzverhalten von Bakterien und Pilzen gegen Antibiotika und Antimykotika [79] | |||||
Hell 2010 [80] | ESBL-producing E.coli in uncomplicated UIT - regional and Austria-wide update and evaluation of treatment options | Primary health care | Austria |
ESBL-producing E. coli
| 2004-2008 |
Grisold 2011 [81] | Das Antibiogramm: Indikation - Interpretation - Qualität | Hospitals and primary health care sector - results reported separately | Styria (Austria) |
ESBL-producing E. coli
| n/a |
Location | Pathogen | Tested isolates | Antibiotics | Resistance in % | Additional information | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2008 | 2009 | 2008 | 2009 | 2008 | 2009 | |||
Respiratory tract |
S. pyogenes
| 977 | 1,440 | PEN | 0 | 0 | ||
1,436 | 1,433 | macrolides | 3.6 | 3.3 | ||||
1,438 | 1,356 | fluoroquinolones | 0.7 | 0.3 | ||||
S. pneumoniae
| 510 | 454 | PEN | 0.8 | 1.8 | |||
510 | 454 | macrolides | 14.5 | 13.4 | ||||
506 | 455 | fluoroquinolones | 0.8 | 0.2 | ||||
H. influenzae
| 1,244 | 1,255 | AMP or AMX | 9.4 | 9.6 | |||
1,244 | 1,255 | AMC | 0 | 0.1 | ||||
1,244 | 1,234 | fluoroquinolones | 0.2 | 0 | ||||
All locations |
S. aureus
| 2,395 | 3,970 | OXA | 2.4 | 2.1 | MRSA 2.4% | MRSA 2.1% |
2,994 | 3,746 | macrolides | 14.5 | 14.9 | ||||
3,045 | 3,757 | CLI | 6.9 | 9.7 | ||||
3,277 | 3,547 | SXT | 0,8 | 0.6 | ||||
1,633 | 3,886 | fluoroquinolones | 3.8 | 3.6 | ||||
Urinary tract |
E coli
| 8,992 | 11,218 | AMP or AMX | 39.8 | 43.9 | ESBL 6.0% | ESBL 6.4% |
8,985 | 11,219 | AMC | 5.8 | 9.2 | ||||
9,088 | 11,107 | cephalosporin 1st
| 8.5 | 9.7 | ||||
8,992 | 11,225 | SXT | 24.6 | 27.5 | ||||
8,992 | 11,241 | fluoroquinolones | 15.7 | 18.8 | ||||
8,789 | 10,738 | NIT | 2.2 | 2.7 | ||||
4,361 | 4,893 | MEL | 12.2 | 6.8 | ||||
5,489 | 7,799 | FOF | 1.5 | 2.3 | ||||
P.mirabilis
| n/a | n/a | ||||||
Location
|
Pathogen
|
Tested isolates
|
Antibiotics
|
Resistance in %
|
Additional information
| |||
2010 Medical University Graz, Department for Hygiene and Microbiology [70] | ||||||||
Respiratory tract |
S. pyogenes
| n/a | ||||||
S. pneumoniae
| n/a | |||||||
H. influenzae
| n/a | |||||||
S. aureus
| 444 | OXA | 2.5 | MRSA 2.5% | ||||
441 | SXT | 0 | ||||||
434 | CIP | 3 | ||||||
444 | ERY | 14.9 | ||||||
444 | CLI | 13.7 | ||||||
Urinary tract |
E. coli
| 3,907 | AMX | 61.4 | ESBL 7.4% | |||
3,907 | AMC | 37.5 | ||||||
3,902 | CFX | 6.3 | ||||||
3,907 | TMP | 27.6 | ||||||
3,907 | SXT | 27.2 | ||||||
3,881 | FOF | 0.8 | ||||||
3,907 | CIP | 18.5 | ||||||
3,905 | NIT | 0.4 | ||||||
2009 Laboratory Dr Richter and Dr Mustafa, Section for Microbiology, Salzburg [62] | ||||||||
Respiratory tract |
S. pyogenes
| n/a | ||||||
S. pneumoniae
| n/a | |||||||
H. influenzae
| n/a | |||||||
Skin and soft tissue |
S. aureus
| 938 | OXA | 3 | MRSA 3% | |||
938 | AMC | 3 | ||||||
938 | CFX | 3 | ||||||
938 | ERY | 13 | ||||||
938 | CLIN | 3 | ||||||
938 | SXT | 1 | ||||||
938 | MXF | 3 | ||||||
Urinary tract |
E. coli
| 2,506 | AMP | 40 | ESBL 4% | |||
2,506 | AMC | 6 | ||||||
2,506 | CFX | 6 | ||||||
2,506 | SXT | 26 | ||||||
2,499 | NIT | 1 | ||||||
2,506 | CIP | 16 | ||||||
2,504 | FOF | 1 | ||||||
P. mirabilis
| n/a | |||||||
2009 Medical University Innsbruck, Section for Hygiene and Medical Microbiology [78] | ||||||||
Respiratory tract |
S. pyogenes
| 187 | PEN | 0 | ||||
187 | AZM | 5.8 | ||||||
187 | MXF | 2.1 | ||||||
S. pneumoniae
| 115 | PEN | 0 | |||||
115 | AZM | 12.1 | ||||||
115 | MXF | 0.87 | ||||||
H. influenzae
| 76 | AMP | 25 | |||||
76 | AMC | 0 | ||||||
76 | MXF | 0 | ||||||
All locations |
S. aureus
| 676 | FOX | 1.48 | MRSA 6% | |||
610 | AZM | 20.9 | ||||||
610 | CLIN | 18 | ||||||
674 | SXT | 1.03 | ||||||
609 | MXF | 1.97 | ||||||
Urinary tract |
E. coli
| 3,112 | AMP | 58 | ESBL 9% | |||
3,104 | AMC | 20 | ||||||
3,101 | CFZ | 17 | ||||||
3,112 | SXT | 33 | ||||||
3,112 | CIP | 26 | ||||||
3,097 | MEC | 7 | ||||||
3,111 | NIT | 7 | ||||||
2009 County Hospital Leoben, Bacteriological Laboratory [73] | ||||||||
Respiratory tract |
S. pyogenes
| n/a | ||||||
S. pneumoniae
| n/a | |||||||
H. influenzae
| n/a | |||||||
S. aureus
| 141 | AMC | 1.4 | |||||
141 | OXA | 1.4 | ||||||
141 | CFZ | 1.4 | ||||||
140 | CLIN | 11.4 | ||||||
140 | ERY | 12.1 | ||||||
140 | CIP | 0.7 | ||||||
Urinary tract |
E. coli
| 310 | AMP | 41 | ||||
310 | AMC | 10 | ||||||
310 | CFZ | 10.0 | ||||||
309 | TMP | 29.5 | ||||||
310 | CIP | 20,0 | ||||||
309 | NIT | 1.9 | ||||||
27 | MEC | 11.1 | ||||||
P. mirabilis
| 28 | AMC | 10.7 | |||||
28 | CFZ | 17.9 | ||||||
28 | TMP | 53.6 | ||||||
28 | CIP | 17.9 | ||||||
Hell [80] | ||||||||
Urinary tract |
E. coli
ESBL-producing
| 100 | MEC | 11 | ||||
100 | FOF | 3 | ||||||
100 | NIT | 1 | ||||||
100 | SXT | 73 | ||||||
100 | CIP | 78 |