Background
Methods
Results
Location | Wavea
| Study population | Mean GT/SIb
| Reproduction Number (R) | 95% CIc
| Basic or effective | Case definition | Reference | Year published |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Australia | 1st | Community | 2.6 | 1.80 | 1.6–2.0 | Basic | Unconfirmed hospitalizations/deaths | [15] | 2008 |
Brazil | 1st | Community | 4 | 2.68 | Basic | Unconfirmed illness | [16] | 2007 | |
Canada | 1st | Community | 3 | 1.50 | 1.5–1.5 | Basic | Unconfirmed deaths | [17] | 2011 |
Canada | 1st | Community | 6 | 2.1 | 2.1–2.1 | Basic | Unconfirmed deaths | [17] | 2011 |
Colombia | 1st | Community | 3 | 1.4–1.5 | Effective | Unconfirmed deaths | [18] | 2012 | |
Colombia | 1st | Community | 4 | 1.5–1.7 | Effective | Unconfirmed deaths | [18] | 2012 | |
Denmark | 1st | Community | 2.6 | 2.2–2.4 | Effective | Unconfirmed illness | [19] | 2008 | |
Denmark | 1st | Community | 4 | 2.8–3.0 | Effective | Unconfirmed illness | [19] | 2008 | |
Denmark | 1st | Community | 2.6 | 2.8–4.0 | Effective | Unconfirmed hospitalizations | [19] | 2008 | |
Denmark | 1st | Community | 4 | 3.6–5.4 | Effective | Unconfirmed hospitalizations | [19] | 2008 | |
Italy | 1st | Community | 3 | 1.03 | 1.00–1.08 | Basic | Unconfirmed hospitalizations | [20] | 2011 |
Mexico | 1st | Community | 3 | 1.30 | Effective | Unconfirmed deaths | [21] | 2010 | |
Peru | 1st | Community | 3 | 1.38 | 1.37–1.40 | Effective | Unconfirmed deaths | [22] | 2011 |
Switzerland | 1st | Community | 3.11 | 1.49 | 1.45–1.53 | Basic | Unconfirmed hospitalizations | [23] | 2006 |
Switzerland | 1st | Community | 3.4 | 1.50 | Basic | Unconfirmed deaths | [24] | 2009 | |
United Kingdom | 1st | Community | 2.6 | 1.7 | Basic | Unconfirmed deaths | [10] | 2006 | |
United Kingdom | 1st | Community | 4.1 | 2.10 | Effective | Unconfirmed illness | [25] | 2006 | |
United Kingdom | 1st | Community | 6 | 2.00 | Basic | Unconfirmed illness | [26] | 2005 | |
United Kingdom | 1st | Community | NR | 1.16–2.94 | Effective | Unconfirmed illness | [27] | 2010 | |
United Kingdom | 1st | Students | NR | 1.43–5.36 | Effective | Unconfirmed illness | [27] | 2010 | |
USA | 1st | Community | 4 | 1.34–3.21 | Effective | Unconfirmed illness | [28] | 2008 | |
Various | 1st | Community | 4 | 1.2–3.0 | Effective | Unconfirmed illness | [29] | 2007 | |
Various | 1st | Community | 4 | 2.1–7.5 | Effective | Unconfirmed illness | [29] | 2007 | |
1st | Sailors | 4 | 4.97 | Effective | Unconfirmed illness | [28] | 2008 | ||
Canada | 2nd | Community | 3.6 | 2.26 | 1.95–2.63 | Basic | Unconfirmed illness | [30] | 2010 |
Canada | 2nd | Community | 3.6 | 1.49 | 1.42–1.55 | Basic | Unconfirmed illness | [30] | 2010 |
Canada | 2nd | Community | 3 | 2.40 | 2.4–2.5 | Basic | Unconfirmed deaths | [17] | 2011 |
Canada | 2nd | Community | 6 | 4.3 | 4.2–4.4 | Basic | Unconfirmed deaths | [17] | 2011 |
Denmark | 2nd | Community | 2.6 | 1.22–1.24 | Effective | Unconfirmed illness | [19] | 2008 | |
Denmark | 2nd | Community | 4 | 1.29–1.33 | Effective | Unconfirmed illness | [19] | 2008 | |
Denmark | 2nd | Community | 2.6 | 1.2–1.3 | Effective | Unconfirmed hospitalizations | [19] | 2008 | |
Denmark | 2nd | Community | 4 | 1.3–1.4 | Effective | Unconfirmed hospitalizations | [19] | 2008 | |
Germany | 2nd | Community | 1 | 1.58 | 0.03–10.3 | Basic | Unconfirmed deaths | [31] | 2007 |
Germany | 2nd | Community | 3 | 2.52 | 0.75–5.85 | Basic | Unconfirmed deaths | [31] | 2007 |
Germany | 2nd | Community | 5 | 3.41 | 1.91–5.57 | Basic | Unconfirmed deaths | [31] | 2007 |
Italy | 2nd | Community | 3 | 1.38 | 1.3–1.5 | Basic | Unconfirmed hospitalizations | [20] | 2011 |
Mexico | 2nd | Community | 3 | 1.30 | Effective | Unconfirmed deaths | [21] | 2010 | |
New Zealand | 2nd | Military | >1.5 | 1.3–3.1 | Basic | Unconfirmed hospitalizations | [32] | 2006 | |
Switzerland | 2nd | Community | 2.28 | 3.75 | 3.6–3.9 | Effective | Unconfirmed hospitalizations | [23] | 2006 |
Switzerland | 2nd | Community | 3.4 | 2.40 | Basic | Unconfirmed deaths | [24] | 2009 | |
United Kingdom | 2nd | Community | 3 | 1.39 | 1.36–1.43 | Effective | Unconfirmed deaths | [33] | 2008 |
United Kingdom | 2nd | Community | 6 | 1.84 | 1.75–1.92 | Effective | Unconfirmed deaths | [33] | 2008 |
United Kingdom | 2nd | Community | 6 | 1.55 | Basic | Unconfirmed illness | [26] | 2005 | |
United Kingdom | 2nd | Community | 2.6 | 1.50 | Basic | Unconfirmed deaths | [10] | 2006 | |
USA | 2nd | Community | 2.5 | 2.14 | Basic | Unconfirmed deaths | [34] | 2009 | |
USA | 2nd | Community | NR | 2.20 | 1.55–2.84 | Effective | Unconfirmed illness | [35] | 2007 |
USA | 2nd | Community | 4 | 2.00 | 1.7–2.3 | Effective | Unconfirmed deaths | [36] | 2004 |
USA | 2nd | Community | 2.85 | 1.73 | Effective | Unconfirmed deaths | [14] | 2007 | |
United Kingdom | 3rd | Community | 3 | 1.39 | 1.29–1.49 | Effective | Unconfirmed deaths | [33] | 2008 |
United Kingdom | 3rd | Community | 6 | 1.82 | 1.61–2.05 | Effective | Unconfirmed deaths | [33] | 2008 |
United Kingdom | 3rd | Community | 6 | 1.70 | Basic | Unconfirmed illness | [26] | 2005 | |
Median reproduction number for the 1918 pandemic: 1.80; Interquartile range 1.47–2.27 |
Location | Wavea
| Study population | Mean GT/SIb
| Reproduction number (R) | 95% CIc
| Basic or effective | Case definition | Reference | Year published |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Netherlands | 2nd | Community | 3 | 1.39 | Basic | Unconfirmed deaths | [38] | 2010 | |
United Kingdom | 2nd | Community | 2.6 | 1.70 | Basic | Unconfirmed deaths | [10] | 2006 | |
United Kingdom | 2nd | Community | 3 | 1.5–1.6 | Basic | Unconfirmed illness | [39] | 2008 | |
United Kingdom | 2nd | Community | 4 | 1.7–1.8 | Basic | Unconfirmed illness | [39] | 2008 | |
United Kingdom | 2nd | Community | 4.1 | 1.50 | Effective | Unconfirmed illness | [25] | 2006 | |
United Kingdom | 2nd | Community | NR | 1.65 | Basic | Serology confirmed infection | [26] | 2005 | |
USA | 2nd | Community | 4 | 1.70 | Basic | Unconfirmed illness | [40] | 2004 | |
Median reproduction number for the 1957 pandemic: 1.65; Interquartile range 1.53–1.70 |
Location | Wavea
| Study population | Mean GT/SIb
| Reproduction number (R) | 95% CIc
| Basic or effective | Case definition | Reference | Year published |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hong Kong | 1st | Community | 2.95 | 1.89 | Basic | Unconfirmed illness | [42] | 1986 | |
various | 1st | Community | 4 | 1.06–2.06 | Basic | Serology; laboratory confirmed illness; unconfirmed illness | [43] | 2010 | |
various | 1st | Confined settings | 4 | 1.08–1.62 | Basic | Serology; laboratory confirmed illness; unconfirmed illness | [43] | 2010 | |
United Kingdom | 1st | Community | 4.1 | 1.80 | Effective | Unconfirmed illness | [25] | 2006 | |
United Kingdom | 2nd | Community | NR | 1.85 | Effective | Serology confirmed infection | [26] | 2005 | |
various | 2nd | Community | 4 | 1.08–2.02 | Effective | Serology; laboratory confirmed illness; unconfirmed illness | [43] | 2010 | |
various | 2nd | Confined settings | 4 | 1.43 | 1.23–1.63 | Effective | Serology; laboratory confirmed illness; unconfirmed illness | [43] | 2010 |
Median reproduction number for the 1968 pandemic: 1.80; Interquartile range 1.56–1.85. |
Location | Wavea
| Study population | Mean GT/SIb
| Reproduction number (R) | 95% CIc
| Basic or effective | Case definition | Reference | Year published |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mexico | 0 | Community | 1.91 | 1.25 | 0.76–1.74 | Basic | Laboratory confirmed illness | [44] | 2011 |
Australia | 1st | Community | 2.8 | 1.50 | 1.50–2.70 | Effective | Laboratory confirmed illness | [45] | 2010 |
Australia | 1st | Community | 2.8 | 1.20 | 1.0–1.4 | Effective | Laboratory confirmed illness | [45] | 2010 |
Australia | 1st | Community | 2.9 | 2.40 | 2.3–2.4 | Effective | Laboratory confirmed illness | [46] | 2009 |
Australia, rural | 1st | Community | 2.9 | 1.28 | 1.26–1.30 | Effective | Laboratory confirmed illness | [47] | 2011 |
Australia, urban | 1st | Community | 2.9 | 1.26 | 1.22–1.30 | Effective | Laboratory confirmed illness | [47] | 2011 |
Canada | 1st | Community | 1.91 | 1.30 | 1.12–1.47 | Basic | Laboratory confirmed illness | [48] | 2010 |
Canada | 1st | Community | 2.78 | 2.21 | 1.98–2.50 | Basic | Laboratory confirmed illness | [49] | 2012 |
Canada | 1st | Community | 3.6 | 1.63 | 1.31–1.96 | Basic | Laboratory confirmed illness | [48] | 2010 |
Canada | 1st | Community | 4.31 | 1.31 | 1.25–1.38 | Basic | Laboratory confirmed illness | [50] | 2010 |
Chile | 1st | Community | 2.5 | 1.80 | 1.6–2.0 | Effective | Unconfirmed emergency room visits | [51] | 2010 |
Chile, central | 1st | Community | 3 | 1.32 | 1.27–1.37 | Effective | Unconfirmed hospitalizations | [52] | 2012 |
Chile, northern | 1st | Community | 3 | 1.19 | 1.13–1.24 | Effective | Unconfirmed hospitalizations | [52] | 2012 |
Chile, southern | 1st | Community | 3 | 1.58 | 1.45–1.72 | Effective | Unconfirmed hospitalizations | [52] | 2012 |
China | 1st | Community | 2.6 | 1.25 | 1.22–1.28 | Effective | Laboratory confirmed illness | [53] | 2012 |
China | 1st | Community | 4.31 | 1.53 | 1.45–1.60 | Basic | Laboratory confirmed illness | [54] | 2012 |
China | 1st | Community | NR | 1.68 | Basic | Laboratory confirmed illness | [55] | 2011 | |
Hong Kong | 1st | Community | 3 | 1.70 | 1.6–1.8 | Effective | Laboratory confirmed illness | [56] | 2010 |
Hong Kong | 1st | Community | 3.2 | 1.45 | 1.4–1.5 | Effective | Laboratory confirmed illness | [57] | 2010 |
Israel | 1st | Community | 2.92 | 1.06 | 0.97–1.16 | Effective | Laboratory confirmed illness | [58] | 2011 |
Italy | 1st | Community | 2.6 | 1.30 | 1.23–1.32 | Effective | Unconfirmed illness | [59] | 2012 |
Japan | 1st | School | 1.9 | 2.30 | 2.0–2.6 | Effective | Laboratory confirmed illness | [60] | 2009 |
Japan | 1st | Community | 2.7 | 1.28 | 1.23–1.33 | Effective | Laboratory confirmed illness | [60] | 2009 |
Mexico | 1st | Community | 1.91 | 1.58 | 1.34–2.04 | Basic | Unconfirmed illness | [61] | 2009 |
Mexico | 1st | Community | 1.96 | 1.42 | Basic | Unconfirmed illness | [62] | 2010 | |
Mexico | 1st | Community | 2.6 | 1.40 | 1.2–1.9 | Basic | Laboratory confirmed illness | [61] | 2009 |
Mexico | 1st | Community | 2.6 | 1.22 | 1.05–1.60 | Basic | Laboratory confirmed illness | [61] | 2009 |
Mexico | 1st | Community | 3 | 1.80 | 1.78–1.81 | Effective | Unconfirmed illness | [63] | 2011 |
Mexico | 1st | Community | 3 | 1.43 | 1.29–1.57 | Effective | Laboratory confirmed illness | [64] | 2009 |
Mexico | 1st | Community | 3.1 | 2.20 | 2.1–2.4 | Effective | Laboratory confirmed illness | [65] | 2009 |
Mexico | 1st | Community | 3.5 | 2.30 | 2.1–2.5 | Basic | Laboratory confirmed illness | [11] | 2009 |
Mexico | 1st | Community | 3.6 | 1.75 | 1.6–1.9 | Basic | Seeding from Mexico | [66] | 2009 |
Mexico | 1st | Community | 4.1 | 3.10 | 2.9–3.5 | Effective | Laboratory confirmed illness | [65] | 2009 |
Mexico City | 1st | Community | 3 | 1.72 | Basic | Laboratory confirmed illness | [67] | 2009 | |
Morocco | 1st | Community | 2.3 | 1.44 | 1.32–1.56 | Basic | Laboratory confirmed illness | [68] | 2012 |
Morocco | 1st | Community | 2.7 | 1.40 | 1.34–1.48 | Basic | Laboratory confirmed illness | [68] | 2012 |
Netherlands | 1st | Community | 3 | 0.50 | Effective | Laboratory confirmed illness | [69] | 2009 | |
New Zealand | 1st | Community | 2.7 | 1.25 | 1.07–1.47 | Effective | Laboratory confirmed illness | [70] | 2011 |
New Zealand | 1st | Community | 2.8 | 1.96 | 1.80–2.15 | Effective | Laboratory confirmed illness | [71] | 2009 |
New Zealand | 1st | Community | 2.8 | 1.55 | 1.16–1.86 | Effective | Laboratory confirmed illness; unconfirmed illness | [72] | 2010 |
North America | 1st | Community | 2.7 | 1.3–2.1 | Basic | Laboratory confirmed illness | [73] | 2010 | |
Peru | 1st | Community | 2.8 | 1.37 | 1.33–1.41 | Effective | Laboratory confirmed illness | [74] | 2009 |
Peru | 1st | Community | 3 | 1.30 | 1.3–1.3 | Effective | Unconfirmed illness | [75] | 2011 |
Peru, Lima | 1st | Community | 3 | 1.70 | 1.6–1.7 | Effective | Unconfirmed illness | [75] | 2011 |
Singapore | 1st
| Dance club | 1.91 | 1.9–2.1 | Basic | Laboratory confirmed illness | [76] | 2010 | |
Singapore | 1st | Military | NR | 1.91 | 1.50–2.36 | Effective | Laboratory confirmed and unconfirmed illness | [77] | 2010 |
South Africa | 1st | Community | 2.3 | 1.43 | 1.38–1.49 | Effective | Laboratory confirmed illness | [78] | 2012 |
South Africa | 1st | Community | 2.78 | 1.47 | 1.30–1.72 | Effective | Laboratory confirmed illness | [78] | 2012 |
South Africa | 1st | Community | 2.78 | 1.42 | 1.20–1.71 | Effective | Laboratory confirmed illness | [78] | 2012 |
Southern Hemisphere | 1st | Community | 1.9 | 1.16–1.53 | Effective | Laboratory confirmed illness | [79] | 2010 | |
Southern Hemisphere | 1st | Community | 2.60 | 1.33 | 1.28–1.45 | Basic | Laboratory confirmed and unconfirmed illness | [80] | 2011 |
Taiwan | 1st | Community | 1.91 | 1.14 | 1.04–1.25 | Effective | Laboratory confirmed illness | [81] | 2011 |
Taiwan | 1st | Community | NR | 1.16 | 0.98–1.34 | Effective | Serology confirmed infection | [82] | 2011 |
Thailand | 1st | Community | 1.9 | 1.78 | 1.67–1.89 | Basic | Laboratory confirmed illness | [83] | 2009 |
Thailand | 1st | Community | 2.6 | 2.07 | 1.92–2.22 | Basic | Laboratory confirmed illness | [83] | 2009 |
United Kingdom | 1st | School | 2.2 | 1.33 | 1.11–1.56 | Effective | Laboratory confirmed illness | [84] | 2012 |
United Kingdom | 1st | Community | 2.5 | 1.44 | 1.27–1.63 | Effective | Laboratory confirmed illness | [85] | 2009 |
USA | 1st | Community | 2.2 | 1.70 | 1.4–2.1 | Basic | Laboratory confirmed illness | [86] | 2009 |
USA | 1st | Community | 2.6 | 2.20 | 1.4–2.5 | Basic | Laboratory confirmed illness | [86] | 2009 |
USA | 1st | School | 2.7 | 3.30 | 3.0–3.6 | Effective | Unconfirmed illness | [87] | 2009 |
USA | 1st | Community | 3.5 | 1.3–2.0 | 1.0–2.2 | Basic | Laboratory confirmed illness | [11] | 2009 |
USA | 1st | Camp attendees | 7 | 2.20 | 1.4–3.3 | Effective | Unconfirmed illness | [88] | 2011 |
Vietnam | 1st | Community | 1.9 | 1.50 | 1.5–1.6 | Basic | Laboratory confirmed illness | [89] | 2010 |
Vietnam | 1st | Community | 3.6 | 2.00 | 1.9–2.2 | Basic | Laboratory confirmed illness | [89] | 2010 |
worldwide | 1st | Community | 2.67 | 1–2 | Effective | Laboratory confirmed illness | [90] | 2011 | |
China | 2nd | Community | 4 | 1.66 | 1.27–2.05 | Effective | confirmed hospitalizations | [91] | 2012 |
China | 2nd | Community | 4.3 | 1.70 | 1.4–1.9 | Effective | Laboratory confirmed illness | [92] | 2010 |
France | 2nd | Military | 2.9 | 1.5–1.6 | Effective | Unconfirmed illness | [93] | 2012 | |
Iran | 2nd | school | NR | 1.28 | 1.05–1.54 | Basic | Unconfirmed illness | [94] | 2012 |
Italy | 2nd | Community | 2.5 | 1.33 | Effective | Unconfirmed illness | [95] | 2011 | |
Japan | 2nd | Community | 3 | 1.48 | 1.41–1.56 | Effective | Unconfirmed illness | [96] | 2012 |
Mexico | 2nd | Community | 3 | 1.62 | 1.61–1.63 | Effective | Unconfirmed illness | [63] | 2011 |
Reunion Island | 2nd | Community | 2.8 | 1.26 | 1.08–1.49 | Effective | Unconfirmed illness | [97] | 2010 |
Taiwan | 2nd | Community | 1.91 | 1.02 | 1.01–1.02 | Effective | Laboratory confirmed illness | [81] | 2011 |
Taiwan | 2nd | Community | NR | 1.87 | 1.68–2.06 | Effective | Serology confirmed infection | [82] | 2011 |
United Kingdom | 2nd | Community | 2.5 | 1.30 | 1.2–1.5 | Effective | Laboratory confirmed illness | [98] | 2010 |
Mexico | 3rd | Community | 3 | 1.24 | 1.23–1.24 | Effective | Unconfirmed illness | [63] | 2011 |
various | Community | NR | 1.30 | 1.1–1.4 | Effective | Serology confirmed infection | [99] | 2012 | |
Median reproduction number for the 2009 pandemic: 1.46; Interquartile range 1.30–1.70 |
Year(s) | Type/Subtype | Study population | Mean GT/SIa
| Reproduction number (R) | 95% CIb
| Basic or effective | Case definition | Reference | Year published |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1889–1890 | H3N8? | USA & Europe | 2.6 | 2.10 | 1.9–2.4 | Basic | Unconfirmed deaths | [101] | 2010 |
1948–1949 | H1N1 | Canada | 4.1 | 1.30 | Effective | Unconfirmed illness | [25] | 2006 | |
1949–1950 | H1N1 | Canada | 4.1 | 1.50 | Effective | Unconfirmed illness | [25] | 2006 | |
1950–1951 | H1N1 | Canada & UK | 4.1 | 2.00 | 1.9–2.5 | Effective | Unconfirmed deaths | [25] | 2006 |
1958–1973 | H2N2; H3N2; B | United Kingdom | 4.48 | 3.9–7.1 | Effective | Unconfirmed illness | [102] | 1979 | |
1972–2002 | H1N1/H3N2/B | Australia | 5.5 | 1.30 | Effective | Unconfirmed deaths | [103] | 2008 | |
1972–2002 | H1N1/H3N2/B | France | 5.5 | 1.30 | Effective | Unconfirmed deaths | [103] | 2008 | |
1972–2002 | H1N1/H3N2/B | USA | 5.5 | 1.30 | Effective | Unconfirmed deaths | [103] | 2008 | |
1972–2002 | H1N1/H3N2/B | USA; France; Australia | 5.5 | 1.30 | 1.2–1.4 | Effective | Unconfirmed deaths | [103] | 2008 |
1975–2004 | H1N1/H3N2/B | Norway | 6 | 1.06–1.69 | Effective | Unconfirmed deaths | [104] | 2010 | |
1976–1981 | H1N1/H3N2/B | USA | 2.6 | 1.70 | Basic | Serology confirmed infection | [10] | 2006 | |
1976–1981 | H1N1/H3N2/B | USA | 4.1 | 1.16 | Basic | Serology confirmed infection | [105] | 2000 | |
1977–1978 | H1N1 | United Kingdom | 2.2 | 4.38 | Basic | Unconfirmed illness | [106] | 2005 | |
1977–1978 | H1N1 | United Kingdom | 3 | 21.00 | Basic | Unconfirmed illness | [13] | 2004 | |
1977–1978 | H1N1 | United Kingdom | 4.70 | 16.90 | Basic | Unconfirmed illness | [106] | 2005 | |
1984–1985 | H1N1/H3N2 | France | 2.49 | 1.37 | Effective | Unconfirmed illness | [107] | 1988 | |
1985–2005 | H1N1/H3N2/B | United Kingdom | 2.2 | 1.6–2.1 | Basic | Unconfirmed illness | [108] | 2010 | |
1985–2005 | H1N1/H3N2/B | United Kingdom | 2.7 | 1.6–2.5 | Basic | Unconfirmed illness | [109] | 2012 | |
1985–2006 | H1N1/H3N2/B | France | 2.4 | 1.4–1.7 | 1.3–1.8 | Basic | Unconfirmed illness | [110] | 2008 |
1996–2006 | H1N1/H3N2/B | Brazil | 3 | 1.03 | 1.02–1.04 | Effective | Unconfirmed deaths | [111] | 2010 |
1998–1999 | H3N2 | Israel | 3 | 1.14 | Effective | Unconfirmed illness | [112] | 2011 | |
1998–1999 | H3N2 | Israel | 3 | 1.16 | Effective | Unconfirmed illness | [112] | 2011 | |
1998–1999 | H3N2 | USA | 3 | 1.18 | 1.05–1.25 | Effective | Laboratory confirmed illness | [113] | 2009 |
1998–2009 | H1N1/H3N2/B | Israel | 2.5 | 1.17–1.62 | Effective | Unconfirmed illness | [114] | 2012 | |
1999–2000 | H3N2 | Israel | 3 | 1.16 | Effective | Unconfirmed illness | [112] | 2011 | |
1999–2000 | H3N2 | Israel | 3 | 1.18 | Effective | Unconfirmed illness | [112] | 2011 | |
1999–2006 | Seasonal H1N1 | Taiwan | 2 | 1.19 | 0.76–1.86 | Basic | Confirmed and unconfirmed illness | [115] | 2010 |
1999–2006 | H3N2 | Taiwan | 3 | 1.41 | 0.92–2.19 | Basic | Confirmed and unconfirmed illness | [115] | 2010 |
1999–2006 | B | Taiwan | 3 | 1.07 | 0.69–1.69 | Basic | Confirmed and unconfirmed illness | [115] | 2010 |
2000–2001 | H1N1 | Israel | 3 | 1.12 | Effective | Unconfirmed illness | [112] | 2011 | |
2000–2009 | H1N1/H3N2/B | Italy | 4 | 1.17–1.36 | Effective | Unconfirmed illness | [116] | 2012 | |
2001–2002 | H3N2 | Israel | 3 | 1.25 | Effective | Unconfirmed illness | [112] | 2011 | |
2001–2002 | H3N2 | Israel | 3 | 1.27 | Effective | Unconfirmed illness | [112] | 2011 | |
2003–2004 | H3N2 | Israel | 3 | 1.19 | Effective | Unconfirmed illness | [112] | 2011 | |
2003–2004 | H3N2 | Israel | 3 | 1.21 | Effective | Unconfirmed illness | [112] | 2011 | |
2003–2004 | H3N2 | Switzerland | 2.6 | 1.2–1.3 | Effective | Unconfirmed illness | [117] | 2011 | |
2004–2005 | H3N2 | Israel | 3 | 1.25 | Effective | Unconfirmed illness | [112] | 2011 | |
2004–2005 | H3N2 | Israel | 3 | 1.25 | Effective | Unconfirmed illness | [112] | 2011 | |
2004–2005 | unspecified | Taiwan | 4.1 | 1.00 | Effective | Unconfirmed deaths | [118] | 2010 | |
2004–2005 | H3N2 | USA | 7 | 1.20 | 1.1–1.3 | Effective | Laboratory confirmed illness | [119] | 2008 |
2006–2007 | H3N2 | Israel | 3 | 1.28 | Effective | Unconfirmed illness | [112] | 2011 | |
2006–2007 | H3N2 | Israel | 3 | 1.33 | Effective | Unconfirmed illness | [112] | 2011 | |
2007–2008 | H3N2 | Israel | 3 | 1.25 | Effective | Unconfirmed illness | [112] | 2011 | |
2007–2008 | H3N2 | Israel | 3 | 1.29 | Effective | Unconfirmed illness | [112] | 2011 | |
2011/12 | H1N1 | Mexico | 3 | 1.20 | Effective | Laboratory confirmed hospitalizations | [120] | 2012 | |
2011/12 | H1N1 | Mexico | 3 | 1.20 | Effective | Laboratory confirmed hospitalizations | [121] | 2012 | |
2011/12 | H1N1 | Mexico | 4 | 1.30 | Effective | Laboratory confirmed hospitalizations | [121] | 2012 | |
Median reproduction number for seasonal influenza: 1.28; Interquartile range 1.19–1.37 |
Year(s) | Subtype | Study Population | Mean GT/SIa
| Reproduction number (R) | 95% CIb
| Basic or Effective | Case definition | Reference | Year Published |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1976 | H1N1 | New Jersey | 1.9 | 1.20 | 1.1–1.4 | Basic | Serologically confirmed illness | [122] | 2007 |
2004–2006 | H5N1 | Vietnam | 7 | 0.00 | 0–0.42 | Effective | Laboratory confirmed illness | [119] | 2008 |
2004–2006 | H5N1 | Indonesia | 7 | 0.00 | 0–0 | Effective | Laboratory confirmed illness | [119] | 2008 |
2005 | H5N1 | Turkey | 9.5 | <1 | Basic | Laboratory confirmed illness | [123] | 2007 | |
2005–2009 | H5N1 | Indonesia | 6 | 0.1–0.25 | 0–0.4 | Effective | Laboratory confirmed illness | [124] | 2012 |
2006 | H5N1 | Indonesia | 9.5 | 1.14 | 0.61–2.14 | Basic | Laboratory confirmed illness | [123] | 2007 |
Median reproduction number for novel influenza outbreaks: 0.34; Interquartile range 0.05–0.98 |