Background
Methods
Study design, setting and population
Measurements
Anemia
Other cytopenias
Statistical analysis
Results
Patient characteristics
N = 400† | |
---|---|
Socio-demographic characteristics
| Value |
Female, n (%) | 277 (69.3) |
Age, mean (±SD) years | 36 (9.0) |
Married | 135 (33.8%) |
Employed | 345 (82.3) |
Education level(completed at least primary)* | 387 (96.8%) |
Immunological, HAART and nutritional status
| |
CD4 cell count, median (IQR) per μl | 142 (1–645) |
HAART status at recruitment | |
On HAART, n (%) | 200 (50) |
Not yet on HAART, n (%) | 200 (50) |
Duration on HAART at enrollment, mean (±S.D) months | 2.5 ± 1.6 |
BMI†, mean ± S.D | 23.8 ± 9.2 |
Hematological parameters, median (IQR)
| |
Hemoglobin, g/dl | 12.3 (4.9-17.6) |
White blood cell count × 109 per litre | 3.4 (1.2-9.9) |
Platelets × 109 per litre | 244 (11–616) |
Mean corpuscular volume, femtolitres (fl) | 86 (58–126) |
Red cell Distribution Width (RDW),% | 13.6 (9–25.1) |
Prevalence of cytopenias
n | % Any Cytopenia | % Anemia | % Leucopenia | % Thrombocytopenia | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
All participants | 400 | 65.0 | 47.8 | 24.3 | 8.3 |
Characteristic | |||||
Gender | |||||
Male | 123 | 56.9 | 34.1 | 23.6 | 14.6 |
Female | 277 | 68.6 | 53.8 | 24.5 | 5.4 |
Age | |||||
18 to < 30 | 98 | 63.3 | 45.9 | 23.5 | 5.1 |
30 to < 35 | 80 | 70.0 | 50.0 | 26.3 | 11.3 |
35 to < 41 | 117 | 64.1 | 45.3 | 24.8 | 8.5 |
≥ 41 | 105 | 63.8 | 50.5 | 22.9 | 8.6 |
Education level | |||||
None | 12 | 66.7 | 33.3 | 41.7 | 8.3 |
Minimum Primary | 206 | 65.5 | 48.5 | 21.8 | 8.7 |
Minimum Secondary | 141 | 66.7 | 50.4 | 25.5 | 8.5 |
Tertiary | 40 | 57.5 | 40.0 | 27.5 | 5.0 |
Unknown† | 1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Employment status | |||||
Unemployed | 55 | 69.1 | 56.4 | 20.0 | 3.6 |
Employed | 345 | 64.3 | 46.4 | 24.9 | 9.0 |
Marital status | |||||
Not married | 265 | 64.9 | 49.1 | 22.3 | 7.2 |
Married | 135 | 65.2 | 45.2 | 28.1 | 10.4 |
CD4 count cells/μl | |||||
<50 | 59 | 84.7 | 50.8 | 52.5 | 15.3 |
50 to <200 | 241 | 62.2 | 49.0 | 20.3 | 6.6 |
200 to < 350 | 88 | 59.1 | 43.2 | 15.9 | 9.1 |
≥ 350 | 12 | 66.7 | 41.7 | 25.0 | 0.0 |
BMI | |||||
under weight | 31 | 83.9 | 71.0 | 12.9 | 9.7 |
normal | 261 | 66.7 | 50.2 | 24.1 | 8.8 |
over weight | 105 | 54.3 | 34.3 | 25.7 | 6.7 |
Incomplete information* | 3 | 100.0 | 66.7 | 100.0 | 0.0 |
HAART status at recruitment | |||||
Not using HAART | 200 | 68.0 | 47.0 | 26.0 | 12.0 |
AZT-based HAART | 15 | 66.7 | 60.0 | 6.7 | 0.0 |
Non-AZT based HAART | 185 | 61.6 | 47.6 | 23.8 | 4.9 |
Presence/history of oral candidiasis | |||||
No | 305 | 62.0 | 44.9 | 23.3 | 7.5 |
Yes | 95 | 74.7 | 56.8 | 27.4 | 10.5 |
Presence/history of fever | |||||
No | 195 | 63.6 | 44.6 | 26.7 | 8.2 |
Yes | 205 | 66.3 | 50.7 | 22.0 | 8.3 |
Factors associated with cytopenias
Results of uni- and multivariable log-binomial regression models | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Covariate | Univariable (n = 400) | Multivariable‡ (n = 397*) | ||
PR (95% CI) | p value | PR (95% CI) | p value | |
Sex | ||||
Male | 1 | 1 | ||
Female | 1.21 (1.01 to 1.43) | 0.035 | 1.33 (1.12 to 1.59) | 0.002 |
CD4 count cells/μl | ||||
<50 | 1 | 1 | ||
50 to < 200 | 0.73 (0.63 to 0.85) | <˂0.001 | 0.75 (0.64 to 0.88) | <0.001 |
200 to < 350 | 0.70 (0.57 to 0.86) | 0.001 | 0.74 (0.59 to 0.92) | 0.007 |
≥ 350 | 0.79 (0.52 to 1.19) | 0.256 | 0.77 (0.50 to 1.19) | 0.245 |
BMI | ||||
under weight | 1 | 1 | ||
normal | 0.79 (0.67 to 0.95) | 0.011 | 0.82 (0.68 to 1.00) | 0.045 |
over weight | 0.65 (0.51 to 0.82) | <0.001 | 0.64 (0.50 to 0.82) | <0.001 |
Incomplete information* | - | - | - | - |
Presence/history of oral candidiasis | ||||
No | 1 | |||
Yes | 1.21 (1.04 to 1.40) | 0.012 | ||
HAART status at recruitment | ||||
Not using HAART | 1 | |||
AZT-based HAART | 0.98 (0.68 to 1.42) | 0.917 | ||
Non-AZT based HAART | 0.91 (0.78 to 1.05) | 0.193 | ||
Age, years | ||||
18 to < 30 | 1 | |||
30 to < 35 | 1.11 (0.90 to 1.36) | 0.341 | ||
35 to < 41 | 1.01 (0.83 to 1.24) | 0.899 | ||
≥ 41 | 1.01 (0.82 to 1.24) | 0.936 | ||
Presence/history of fever | ||||
No | 1 | |||
Yes | 1.04 (0.90 to 1.21) | 0.565 |
Results of uni- and multivariable log-binomial regression models | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Covariate | Univariable (n = 400) | Multivariable‡ (n = 397*) | ||
PR (95% CI) | p value | PR (95% CI) | p value | |
Sex | ||||
Male | 1 | 1 | ||
Female | 2.24 (1.44 to 3.49) | <0.001 | 2.97 (1.85 to 4.77) | <0.001 |
BMI | ||||
under weight | 1 | 1 | ||
normal | 0.41 (0.18 to 0.93) | 0.033 | 0.43 (0.19 to 0.99) | 0.048 |
over weight | 0.21 (0.09 to 0.51) | 0.001 | 0.17 (0.07 to 0.41) | <0.001 |
Incomplete information* | 0.82 (0.07 to 10.20) | 0.876 | 1.69 (0.13 to 21.61) | 0.686 |
CD4 count cells/μl | ||||
<50 | 1 | |||
50 to <200 | 0.93 (0.52 to 1.64) | 0.795 | ||
200 to <350 | 0.73 (0.38 to 1.42) | 0.361 | ||
≥ 350 | 0.69 (0.20 to 2.42) | 0.563 | ||
Age, years | ||||
18 to < 30 | 1 | |||
30 to < 35 | 1.18 (0.65 to 2.13) | 0.588 | ||
35 to < 41 | 0.98 (0.57 to 1.67) | 0.928 | ||
≥ 41 | 1.20 (0.69 to 2.08) | 0.516 | ||
HAART status at recruitment | ||||
Not using HAART | 1 | |||
AZT-based HAART | 1.69 (0.58 to 4.93) | 0.336 | ||
Non-AZT based HAART | 1.02 (0.69 to 1.53) | 0.911 | ||
Education level | ||||
None | 1 | |||
Minimum Primary | 1.89 (0.55 to 6.46) | 0.312 | ||
Minimum Secondary | 2.03 (0.58 to 7.04) | 0.265 | ||
Tertiary | 1.33 (0.34 to 5.18) | 0.678 | ||
Unknown† | - | - | ||
Employment status | ||||
Unemployed | 1 | |||
Employed | 0.67 (0.38 to 1.19) | 0.170 | ||
Marital status | ||||
Not married | 1 | |||
Married | 0.86 (0.56 to 1.30) | 0.464 | ||
Presence/history of oral candidiasis | ||||
No | 1 | |||
Yes | 1.62 (1.01 to 2.57) | 0.043 | ||
Presence/history of fever | ||||
No | 1 | |||
Yes | 1.28 (0.86 to 1.89) | 0.221 |
Results of uni- and multivariable log-binomial regression models | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Covariate | Univariable (n = 400) | Multivariable‡ (n = 397*) | ||
PR (95% CI) | p value | PR (95% CI) | p value | |
Sex | ||||
Male | 1 | 1 | ||
Female | 0.33 (0.16 to 0.69) | 0.003 | 0.32 (0.15 to 0.68) | 0.003 |
HAART status at recruitment§
| ||||
Not on HAART | 1 | 1 | ||
On HAART | 0.35 (0.16 to 0.76) | 0.009 | 0.32 (0.14 to 0.75) | 0.008 |
CD4 count cells/μl | ||||
<50 | 1 | |||
50 to < 200 | 0.40 (0.17 to 0.95) | 0.037 | ||
≥ 200** | 0.48 (0.18 to 1.33) | 0.159 | ||
BMI | ||||
under weight | 1 | |||
normal | 0.90 (0.25 to 3.20) | 0.873 | ||
over weight | 0.67 (0.16 to 2.75) | 0.575 | ||
Incomplete information* | - | - | ||
Age, years | ||||
18 to < 30 | 1 | |||
30 to < 35 | 2.36 (0.76 to 7.34) | 0.139 | ||
35 to < 41 | 1.74 (0.57 to 5.27) | 0.328 | ||
≥ 41 | 1.74 (0.56 to 5.40) | 0.335 | ||
Education level | ||||
None | 1 | |||
Minimum Primary | 1.05 (0.13 to 8.63) | 0.961 | ||
Minimum Secondary | 1.02 (0.12 to 8.62) | 0.983 | ||
Tertiary | 0.58 (0.05 to 7.00) | 0.667 | ||
Don’t know | - | - | ||
Employment status | ||||
Unemployed | 1 | |||
Employed | 2.62 (0.61 to 11.3) | 0.196 | ||
Marital status | ||||
Not married | 1 | |||
Married | 1.50 (0.73 to 3.09) | 0.274 | ||
Presence/history of oral candidiasis | ||||
No | 1 | |||
Yes | 1.44 (0.66 to 3.15) | 0.358 | ||
Presence/history of fever | ||||
No | 1 | |||
Yes | 1.01 (0.50 to 2.06) | 0.975 |
Results of uni- and multivariable log-binomial regression models | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Covariate | Univariable (n = 400) | Multivariable‡ (n = 397*) | ||
PR (95% CI) | p value | PR (95% CI) | p value | |
CD4 count cells/μl | ||||
<50 | 1 | 1 | ||
50 to <200 | 0.23 (0.13 to 0.42) | <0.001 | 0.23 (0.13 to 0.42) | <0.001 |
200 to <350 | 0.17 (0.08 to 0.37) | <0.001 | 0.17 (0.08 to 0.37) | <0.001 |
≥ 350 | 0.30 (0.07 to 1.22) | 0.094 | 0.30 (0.07 to 1.22) | 0.094 |
Sex | ||||
Male | 1 | |||
Female | 1.05 (0.64 to 1.74) | 0.834 | ||
Age, years | ||||
18 to < 30 | 1 | |||
30 to < 35 | 1.16 (0.59 to 2.30) | 0.669 | ||
35 to < 41 | 1.07 (0.57 to 2.01) | 0.822 | ||
≥ 41 | 0.97 (0.50 to 1.86) | 0.918 | ||
BMI* | ||||
under weight | 1 | |||
normal | 2.15 (0.72 to 6.37) | 0.168 | ||
over weight | 2.34 (0.75 to 7.29) | 0.144 | ||
Incomplete information* | - | - | ||
HAART status at recruitment | ||||
Not using HAART | 1 | |||
AZT-based HAART | 0.20 (0.03 to 1.58) | 0.128 | ||
Non-AZT based HAART | 0.89 (0.56 to 1.41) | 0.616 | ||
Education level | ||||
None | 1 | |||
Minimum Primary | 0.39 (0.12 to 1.29) | 0.124 | ||
Minimum Secondary | 0.48 (0.14 to 1.61) | 0.234 | ||
Tertiary | 0.53 (0.14 to 2.03) | 0.355 | ||
Don’t know†
| - | - | ||
Employment status | ||||
Unemployed | 1 | |||
Employed | 1.33 (0.66 to 2.69) | 0.430 | ||
Marital status | ||||
Not married | 1 | |||
Married | 1.37 (0.85 to 2.20) | 0.195 | ||
Presence/history of oral candidiasis | ||||
No | 1 | |||
Yes | 1.24 (0.74 to 2.10) | 0.417 | ||
Presence/history of fever | ||||
No | 1 | |||
Yes | 0.77 (0.49 to 1.22) | 0.272 |